the Tate (Gallery) near the Arndale Centre the Chrysler Building
Possessive forms are an exception.
Her Majesty's Theatre at Bertram's Hotel
NOTE
In the US names with center are without the.
near Rockefeller Center
Shops and restaurants
Most are without the.
next to W.H. Smiths shopping at Harrods just outside Boots
eating at Matilda's (Restaurant)
Exceptions are those without the name of a person.
the Kitchen Shop at the Bombay Restaurant
NOTE
Most pub names have the.
at the Red Lion (Inn)
172 Ten pounds an hour etc
1 We can use a/an in expressions of price, speed etc.
Potatoes are twenty pence a pound.
The speed limit on motorways is seventy miles an hour.
Roger shaves twice a day.
NOTE Per is more formal, e.g. seventy miles per hour.
2 In phrases with to we normally use the, although a/an is also possible.
The car does sixty miles to the gallon/to a gallon.
The scale of the map is three miles to the inch/to an inch.
3 We can use by the to say how something is measured.
Boats can be hired by the day.
Carpets are sold by the square metre.
PAGE 212
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20
Possessives and demonstratives
173 Summary
Possessives • 1 7 4
There are possessive determiners (my, your etc) and possessive pronouns (mine,
yours etc).
It's my book. The book is mine.
These words express a relation, often the fact that something belongs to someone.
Demonstratives • 175
This, that, these and those are demonstrative determiners and pronouns.
This programme is interesting. This is interesting.
We use demonstratives to refer to something in the situation, to 'point' to
something. This and these mean something near the speaker. That and those mean
something further away.
174 Possessives
ARRANGING A MEETING
Emma: What about Friday?
Luke: I'll just look in my diary.
Emma: Have you got your diary, Sandy?
Sandy: I think so.
Gavin: I haven't got mine with me.
Luke: I can't come on Friday. We're giving a party for one of our neighbours. It's
her birthday.
1 Basic use
We use Possessives to express a relation, often the fact that someone has
something or that something belongs to someone. My diary is the diary that
belongs to me. Compare the possessive form of a noun. • 146
Luke's diary our neighbour's birthday
2 Determiners and pronouns
a Possessive determiners (sometimes called 'possessive adjectives') come before a
noun.
my diary our neighbour her birthday
NOT the diary of me and NOT the my diary
NOTE
A possessive determiner can come after all, both or half, or after a quantifier + of. • 178(lb, lc)
all my money some of your friends a lot of his time one of our neighbours
20 POSSESSIVES AND DEMONSTRATIVES PAGE
b We leave out the noun if it is clear from the context what we mean. When we do
this, we use a pronoun. We say mine instead of my diary.
I'll just look in my diary. ~ I haven't got mine with me.
NOT I haven't got my. and NOT I haven't got the mine.
That isn't Harriet's coat. Hers is blue.
Whose is this pen? ~ Yours, isn't it?
A possessive pronoun is often a complement.
Is this diary yours? NOT IS this diary to you?
NOTE
a We can use the possessive form of a noun on its own.
That isn't my diary - it's Luke's.
But we do not use an apostrophe with a possessive pronoun. NOT your's
b We can use yours at the end of a letter, e.g. Yours sincerely/faithfully.
3 Form
Determiners Pronouns
Singular Plural Singular Plural
First person my pen our house mine ours
Second person your number your coats yours yours
Third person his father their attitude his theirs
her decision hers
its colour
NOTE
a His is male; her is female; and their is plural.
Luke's father his father; Emma's father her father;
Luke and Emma's father their father
For the use of he/his, she/her and it/its for males, females and things, • 184 (3b).
b His can be either a determiner or a pronoun.
Has Rory got his ticket?
I've got my ticket. Has Rory got his?
c Its is a determiner but not a pronoun.
The lion sometimes eats its young. Does the tiger (eat its young), I wonder?
NOT Does the tiger eats its?
d Its is possessive, but it's is a short form of it is or it has.
4 Possessives with parts of the body
We normally use a possessive with people's heads, arms, legs etc, and their
clothes, even if it is clear whose we mean.
What's the matter? ~ I've hurt my back, NOT I've hurt the back.
Both climbers broke their legs.
Brian just stood there with his hands in his pockets.
NOTE
We can use the in this pattern where we have just mentioned the person.
Verb Person Prepositional phrase
The stone hit the policeman on the/his shoulder.
Someone pushed me in the back.
Nigel took Jemima by the arm.
Compare this sentence.
Nigel looked at Jemima and put his hand on her arm.
174 Possessives
5 A friend of mine
a My friend refers to a definite person, the person I am friends with. To talk about a
person I am friends with, we say one of my friends or a friend of mine.
Definite Indefinite
Singular my friend one of my friends/a friend of mine
Plural my friends some of my friends/some friends of mine
Here are some examples of the indefinite pattern.
The twins are visiting an uncle of theirs.
NOT a their uncle and NOT an uncle of them
Don't listen to what Graham is saying. It's just a silly idea of his.
Didn't you borrow some cassettes of mine?
b We can also use the possessive form of names and other nouns.
I'm reading a novel of Steinbeck's.
NOT a novel of Steinbeck and NOT a Steinbeck's novel
We met a cousin of Nicola's.
It's just a silly idea of my brother's.
6 Own
a A possessive determiner + own means an exclusive relation.
I'd love to have my own flat.
Students are expected to contribute their own ideas.
My own means 'belonging to me and not to anyone else.'
We can use a phrase like my own without a noun.
The ideas should be your own. (= your own ideas)
NOTE
Own can mean that the action is exclusive to the subject.
You'll have to make your own bed. No one else is going to make it for you.
b There is also a pattern with of.
I'd love a flat of my own. NOT an own flat
NOTE
Compare the two patterns.
a dog of our own (= a dog belonging only to us)
a dog of ours (= one of our dogs) • (5)
c On your own and by yourself mean 'alone'.
I don't want to walk home on my own/by myself.
7 Idioms
There are also some idiomatic expressions with Possessives.
I'll do my best. (= I'll do as well as I can.)
We took our leave. (= We said goodbye.)
It was your fault we got lost. (= You are to blame.)
I've changed my mind. (= I've changed the decision I made.)
20 POSSESSIVES AND DEMONSTRATIVES PAGE 216
175 Demonstratives
CHOOSING A GIFT
Debbie: I just want to look at these jugs. I'm going to buy my mother one for her
birthday.
Felicity: Those glass ones are nice.
Debbie: Yes, this one looks the sort of thing she'd like. It's a bit expensive, though.
Felicity: What about this?
Debbie: I don't like that so much.
1 Basic use
We use demonstratives to 'point' to something in the situation. This and these refer
to something near the speaker. That and those refer to something further away.
This and that are singular. These and those are plural.
2 Forms
Singular
Plural
Determiners
Pronouns
this carpet
that colour
these flowers
those hills
this
that
these
those
NOTE An uncountable noun takes this/that, e.g. this money, that music.
3 Determiners and pronouns
This, that, these and those can be determiners or pronouns. As determiners
(sometimes called 'demonstrative adjectives'), they come before a noun. We can
leave out the noun if the meaning is clear without it.
Determiner: What about this jug?
Pronoun: What about this?
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