First published by Context, an imprint of Westland Publications Private


PART V THE INDIA–PAKISTAN BORDER



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Midnight s Borders A People s History of Modern India


PART V
THE INDIA–PAKISTAN BORDER
he India–Pakistan border is heavily militarised, and both countries
have  thousands  of  troops  stationed  along  its  length,  especially  in
the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region. This border was created
in  1947  when  the  subcontinent  was  partitioned  into  two  nations—an
1,800-mile  frontier  that  runs  through  major  urban  areas,  farms  and
inhospitable  deserts.  Since  Partition,  it  has  been  a  site  of  numerous
conflicts between the two countries, pushing them to war in 1947, 1965
and  1999.  The  India–Pakistan  border  is  often  referred  to  as  one  of  the
most complex, violent and dangerous boundaries in the world. The entire
length is fenced with 150,000 floodlights and 50,000 poles. At night, the
border  can  be  seen  from  space.  The  ongoing  cycles  of  violence,  the
struggle for freedom in Kashmir, the dramatic militarisation of the region
and  the  unresolved  questions  about  the  place  of  religious  minorities
within  both  countries  are  intimately  connected  to  the  act  of  Partition.
Many have referred to the recent citizenship laws implemented in India
as  a  reopening  of  the  wounds  of  Partition,  a  revisiting  of  the  botched
amputation.
Just as the memories of Partition are multiple, and contradictory, so
are  the  reasons  leading  up  to  it.  A  fraught  and  violent  history  of
colonialism  had  fractured  the  population  along  religious  lines  and
entrenched  the  idea  that  Hindus  and  Muslims  were  distinct  political
communities  that  cannot  coexist.  The  last  decade  of  that  rule
transformed  the  national  political  landscape  and  strengthened  the
demands  for  a  separate  Muslim  homeland  in  the  name  of  Pakistan.  As
great  men  negotiated  a  Faustian  contract  that  butchered  the  continent,
ordinary  people  lost  everything—they  were  killed  or  attacked  in  their


homes.  Women  were  raped,  assaulted  and  abducted  in  huge  numbers.
Entire villages were erased, and corpses lined the roadsides.
Today, nowhere is the ongoing chaos of Partition felt more acutely
than in Kashmir.
Kashmir  has  a  long  history  of  oppression.  The  Mughal  Army
marched into the valley in 1586, followed by the Afghans, the Sikhs and
finally  the  Dogras—all  of  who  ruled  a  defiant  Kashmir.  Since  the
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