3
n /, G A /'se n t
3
,n s n /;
auditory R P /'o :d ita n /, G A /'o d i,to n /.
It is too com p licated to estab lish w h ich ten d ency is p rim ary
and w hich is subsidiary in the accentuation o f E n g lish w ords.
G enerally, all the ten d encies ex p lain ed h ere by co m e into co n tact
in M o d e m E nglish and som e new accentuation pattern s m ay be
ex p lain ed by lang u age contacts.
VII.4. THE FUNCTIONS OF W ORD STRESS
W e h a v e e m p h a s iz e d th a t stre ss is o n e o f th e c o n s titu tiv e
fe a tu re s o f a w o rd . A n y w o rd , n o m a tte r w h e th e r it is m o n o
s y lla b ic , d isy lla b ic o r p o ly sy lla b ic , has its ow n stre ss.
The con
stitutive function
o f w o rd stre ss sh a p es th e w o rd p h o n e tic a lly ,
jo in the so u n d se q u e n c e s b y a rtic u la to ry m ea n s, c o m b in e s its
s tre sse d and u n stre sse d sy lla b le s w ith th e h e lp o f in te n sity
(lo u d n ess), p itch , q u a n tity and q u ality. T h e a c c e n tu al-rh y th m ic
stru c tu re is reg ard ed as on e o f the com p o n en ts o f th e phonetic
stru ctu re o f a w ord w hich has a p ho n em ic stru ctu re as w ell the
stru c tu re o f co m b in a tio n s o f p h o n e m e s, a sy llab ic stru c tu re . T h e
la tte r th re e c o m p o n e n ts o f th e p h o n e tic stru c tu re o f a w o rd m ay
be jo in e d th a n k s to th e a c c e n tu a l rh y th m ic s tr u c tu r e w h ic h
s h a p e s a w o rd in to a sin g le u n it o f u tte ra n c e a n d th ro u g h th is, a
w o rd m ay fu n ctio n as a s e m a n tic an d c e n tra l lin g u is tic u n it.
W o rd stress as a p ro so d ic o r su p ra se g m e n ta l u n it has a
p h o n o lo g ic a l o r
distinctive function,
w h ich m ean s th a t the
stre ss p lac e m e n t an d deg rees o f accen t can d istin g u ish w o rd s and
th eir g ram m atical form s. T h e d is tin c tiv e fu n c tio n o f w o rd a c
c e n t is c lo s e ly c o n n e c te d w ith le x ic a l a n d m o rp h o lo g ic a l a s
p e c ts. W h en w ords m ay be d istin g u ish e d by th e p o sitio n o f
stress, som e linguists p refe r to call it lexical stress o r lexical
1
J. Windsor Lewis.
A Concise Pronouncing Dictionary of British and American Eng
lish. London, Oxford Univ. Press, 1972.
fu n ctio n o f stress. I f the p o sitio n or d eg ree o f accent can d istin
g u ish gram m atical form s (parts o f speech and m orphem es), it p e r
form s
a m o rp h o lo g ic a l
f u n c tio n
w h ic h
is
k n o w n
as
g r a m m a tic a l s tr e s s . T h e r e are tw o ty p es o f g ra m m a tic a l
stre ss: (1) m o rp h o lo g ic a l an d (2) d e m a rc a tiv e . T h e m o rp h o
lo g ic a l stre ss e x is ts in E n g lis h , R u ssia n a n d U z b e k la n g u a g e s
in w h ic h th e m o rp h o lo g ic a l c a te g o rie s (m o rp h e m e s a n d p a rts
o f s p e e c h ) m ay b e d is tin g u is h e d by th e p o s itio n o f a c c e n t, e.
g.
'present
(a v e rb )
- p re'sen t
(a n o u n ); in R ussian:
ноги -
ноги;
in U zbek:
olm a'
(a noun) «an apple» -
'olma
(im perativ e
form o f a verb) «do not take».
T he d e m a rc a tiv e stress serves as a b o u n d ary or a signal,
fo r ex am p le, in P o lish it is co m m o n for the seco n d syllable from
th e end to b e stre sse d T h u s , th e d is tin c tiv e fu n c tio n o f w o rd
a c c e n t p e rfo rm s b o th le x ic a l and g ra m m a tic a l fu n c tio n s
sim u lte n o u s ly .
T h e d istin c tiv e fu n ctio n m ak es w o rd a c ce n t a sep arate,
su p ra se g m e n ta l o r p ro so d ic , p h o n o lo g ic a l u n it w hich is ca lled
by V. A. V a ssily e v th e
word-accenteme
in a cco rd an ce w ith -
e m ic lin g u istic te rm in o lo g y . T h e n u m b er o f w o rd -a c c e n te m e s
in a la n g u a g e w ith fre e stre ss is d e te rm in e d b y th e n u m b e r o f
th e la tte r 's d is tin c tiv e d e g r e e s 1.
In R ussian and U zbek am ong the d eg rees o f w ord accent
only tw o o f them , i.e. prim ary stress vs. w eak stress m ay be con
trasted w hich are reg ard ed as tw o
word-accentemes,
e. g. in R u s
sian:
муки - муки
(w ord -distin ctiv e function),
руки - руки
(form - d istinctiv e function); in U zbek:
atlas
«a m aterial»
atlas
«atlas» (w ord - d istin ctiv e function),
yozma
«w ritten form » -
yo’zma
«do not w rite» (fo rm -d istin ctiv e function).
In E nglish p rim a ry and w eak w ord accen tem es only perform
a w o rd -d istin ctiv e fu n ctio n
,2
e.g.
contest
/'k o n te st/ n. - to
contest
/к э п 'test/ v.;
tran sp o rt
/'traenspo:t/ n.
- to transport
/traens'po:t/
v,
absent
/'zeb-s(s)nt/ adj.
- to absent
/aebsen t/, /a b s e n t/,
/a b s e n t/ v,
perfect
/'p 3 :fik t/ adj. -
to perfect
/ р э 'fekt/, /'p sfik t/ v.
In these m in im al p airs w o rd accentem e appears in its m or
p h o lo g ical a s p e c t d is tin g u is h in g d iffe re n t p a rts o f sp eech ,
th o u g h th e re m ay b e so m e fre e v a ria tio n s o f th e p h o n e m ic or
1
V.A. Vassilyev.
Op cit., p. 282.
2
V.A. Vassilyev.
Op. cit., p. 283.
a c c e n tu a l stru c tu re s o f w o rd s, e. g.
to p e rfe c t
/ p a 'f e k t/,
/'p e f ik t/,
to decrease
/diTcrK s/, /'d i:k r i:s /,
to increase
/in Teri :s/, /'in k r i:s /,
contact
/k an 'tse k t/, /'ko ntaek t/,
to export
/ek s'p o :t/, /'e k sp o :t/
to prospect
/p ras'p ek t/, /'prospek t/,
to subject
/sa b 'd 3 e k t/, /'sA bd3ikt/'.
C o m p o u n d w o rd s w ith th e m a in stre ss on th e firs t c o m
p o n e n t a n d tertia ry on th e se c o n d c o m p o n e n t can b e d is tin
g u ish e d fro m free w ord: c o m b in a tio n s by th e c o n tra s t te rtia ry
stre ss vs. p rim a ry stre ss, e. g:
a 'b lue,bird - a ,b lu e'b ird , a
'glass,house - a ,glass'house, a 'b la c k b o a rd - a ,black
'b oard, a w hite ,house - 'a ,w hite 'house.
T h e se m in im a l p a irs m ay c o n firm th e d iffe re n c e b e tw e en
the fu n c tio n s o f w ord a c ce n t an d se n te n c e stress (in w o rd c o m
b in a tio n s) a n d in the latte r c a se w e can no tice th e fu n c tio n o f
stress sig n a lin g the b o u n d aries o f th e w ords. In m an y c a se s w o rd
a ccen t c a n n o t p e rfo rm a d e lim ita tiv e fu n c tio n b e c a u s e o f th e
n o n -re g u la rity o f d iffe re n c e b etw een th e degrees o f stress on th e
first and seco n d syllables. In R u ssian w ords the secon dary stress
alw ays p rec e d e s p rim ary stress, and, d u e to this, it m ay m ark the
b egin nin g o f a w ord2. As to U zb ek prim ary stress signals the
b ound ary o f a w ord and the n ex t w ord usually begins w ith a w eak
stress. H ence, R ussian and U zb ek w o rd accent has a delim itativ e
function. T h e onset o f stress is determ in ed by the m o rp hological
structu re o f E n g lish w ords. T he o nset o f stress strengthens th e in i
tial c o n so n an t or co n so n an t cluster, w h ich m arks the b e g in n in g o f
a w ord o r m orp hem e fo r the listener. T his p h en om en on is easily
observ ed in such utterances as
,sell'fish, 'sheU-,fish vs., ,self-
'interest, 'shelf-,ice; the 'street, ,two 'streets, TBay,street, vs.
,this 'treat; 'race-,track vs. ,last'rack, 'test ,run.
In e ach o f
these sets o f expressions the c o n so n an t sequence b etw e en the sy l
lables is th e sam e, but the breaks vary w ith the o n set o f stress as
d eterm in ed by m orph o lo g ical structure. B esides th ese types o f
sign allin g a w ord bound ary, th ere are cases w hen stress-
co n d ition ed allophones occu r in such m inim al p airs as
a'nam e
/a 'n e im / -
an'aim
/a n ' e im / and strong allophones o f c o n so n an ts
serve to illu strate the pro sod ic sig n allin g o f m o rphem e b reak s as
1 Examples are borrowed from
R. Arnold, A. Hansen's
book, p. 123.
2
Г.П. Торсуев.
Проблемы теоретической фонетики и фонологии. М., 1969, с. 82.
- 172-
in m in im al p a ir ,
buy'tin
/bai 'tin / -
bite in
/,bait in
/ 1
etc. T hus,
the delim itativ e fu n ctio n is d eterm ined b y the syllabic and m o r
p h olo gical b o u n d aries w ith th e assistance o f prosodic features.
W ord a ccen t in E n g lish has a m o rp h o n o lo g ical aspect w hich
is u su ally k no w n as g ram m atical function o f stress alternations o r
morphonological function of word accent2.
Free w ord stress in
E n glish is characterized by shifting its position and degrees in vari
ous w ord derivatives representing d ifferen t gram m atical (m orp ho
logical) catego ries, e. g.
'diplomat
/'d ip b u m a t/ -
diplomacy
/d ip ls u m a s i/ -
diplomatic
/d ip b u'm aetik /,
mechanic
/гшТсгешк/ -
mechanician
/m e k s'n ijn / -
diagnostic
/,dai
9
g'nostik/ -
diagnosti
cian
/^iaiagnosWan/,
history
/histen/ -
historian
/h is'to :n a n /,
cus
tody
/TcAstadi/ -
custodian
/kA s'tsudjsn/,
placid
/'plaesid/ -
placidity
/plae'siditi/,
plural
/'p lu s r s l/ -
plurality
/plua'raehti/.
In the ex am p les cited, besides stress alternations, there are
p h onem ic altern atio ns w h ich are not d e te rm in e d by their m o rp h o
logical position. B o th types o f altern atio ns - phonem ic (or seg
m ental) and p ro so d ic (or sup raseg m en tal) are studied by
m o rpho n o log y (see ch a p te r X ) a special lin g u istic level or aspect
b etw een p h o n olo g y and m orphology (gram m ar). M o rp h o n o lo g i
cal function o f w ord accent is in clo se relatio n sh ip to its d istin c
tive (p h o n o logical) fun ction ow ing to the fa c t that w ord-form ation
in E n g lish uses stress alternations (also ph o nem ic alternations)
w h ich con tribu te to th eir sem antic identification.
T he follow in g function o f w ord a c ce n t or as a phonological
u n it w o rd -accen tem e is called
recognitive or identificatory
w h ich m eans th at th e co rrect accen tu atio n o f w ords facilitates
th eir reco gn itio n and co m preh ensio n 3, a n d sem antic id entifica
tion. W ro ng accen tu atio n o f w ords m ay destroy their sem antic
(distinctiv e) function. T he recog n itiv e fu n ctio n o f w ord accent is
both th eo retically and practically im p o rtan t. A ll the functions o f
w o rd accen t are in clo se relation sh ip w ith each other and w rong
accen tu atio n (m isp lace o f the degree and p o sitio n s o f w ord accent
etc.) distroys the fu n ction s and, thus, leads to in-com prehen siv e
speech co m m un ication. T h e latter process is a resu lt o f the accen
tu al in terferen ce in lan g uage learning. E ng lish, R ussian and
1
H. Kurath.
Op. cit., 151-152.
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