Supporting creative design in a visual evolutionary
computing environment
Hong Liu
a,
*, Mingxi Tang
b
, John Hamilton Frazer
b
a
School of Information Management, Shandong Normal University, Jinan City 250014, People’s Republic of China
b
Design Technology Research Center, School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
Received 30 October 2002; revised 27 February 2004; accepted 30 March 2004
Abstract
In product design, sketches and images are strong devices for stimulating creativity. This paper presents a novel visual evolutionary
computing environment to provide support for creative design. The 2D sketches and 3D images can be generated by combination of
evolutionary computing technology and visualization technology in this environment. A tree-based genetic algorithm is illustrated by a
reading lamp design example, which uses genetic algorithm with binary mathematical expression tree to form 2D sketches and programming
using Visual Cþ þ 6.0 and ACIS to generate 3D images. It shows that the approach is able to generate some creative solutions and
demonstrates the potential of computational approach in creative design.
q
2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Creative design; Generic algorithm; Mathematical expression tree; Visualization
1. Introduction
The quality of the product heavily lies in its design
[1]
. In
today’s highly competitive market place, the strategy of
developing a product is transformed from product-push type
to market-pull model. Facing the intense changes in the
market, a well-designed product should not only satisfy
consumers’ physical requirements but also satisfy their
psychological needs. Design must exhibit performance, not
only in quality and productivity, but also in novel and good-
looking externality
[2,3]
. This requires that designers and
engineers use various kinds of design knowledge and tools
for supporting their creative design
[4]
.
This paper presents a new way of using evolutionary
computing technology and visualization technology to
support creative design. Our goal is to give more
opportunities to designers to be creative by unleashing the
creative potential with computational environment. The
approach to support creative design is to develop compu-
tational tools that can generate useful sketches and images
for simulating the ‘mind’s eye’ of designers in the creative
design process.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.
Section 2 analyses the support of media and environment for
creative design. Section 3 summarizes related work while
Section 4 introduces tree-based generic algorithm. In
Section 5, a reading lamp design example is presented for
showing how to use the generic algorithm and mathematical
expressions to generate 2D sketch shapes and 3D images.
Section 6 summarizes the paper and gives an outlook for the
future work.
2. The support of media and environment
for creative design
2.1. Creativity in design
Engineering design may be defined as a process of
establishing requirements based on human needs, trans-
forming them into performance specification and functions,
which are then mapped and converted (subject to con-
straints) into design solution (using creativity, scientific
principles and technical knowledge) that can be economi-
cally manufactured and produced. From the viewpoint of
0965-9978/$ - see front matter q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.advengsoft.2004.03.006
Advances in Engineering Software 35 (2004) 261–271
www.elsevier.com/locate/advengsoft
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ 86-531-6180513; fax: þ 86-531-
6180514.
E-mail address: lhsdcn@jn-public.sd.cninfo.net (H. Liu).
cognitive science, design activity is a special problem
solving activity. The product information usually is
imprecise, uncertain and incomplete. Therefore, it is hard
to solve design problem by general problem solving
methods.
Humans have a clear and unequivocal capacity to
design. They appear to have the capacity to design at
various levels, partly depending on need and depending
on the designer. Gero classified design into (1) routine
design, (2) non-routine design. Non-routine design is
classified into innovative design and creative design
[5]
.
Since, the early years of design automation, a number of
computer-based design tools, methods, and methodologies
have been developed to support problem solving and
facilitate other work in routine design. At the same time,
non-routine design has not been given due attention, and
it is still poorly automated and provided with little
information support.
Creativity plays a central role in non-routine design. It is
associated with a cognitive process that generates a design
solution, which is novel or unusual and satisfies certain
requirements. There are many definitions of creativity. In
the present study, we have adopted one, based on
commonly held beliefs about creativity; creativity is the
process that leads to the creation of products that are novel
and valuable
[6]
.
Creativity is not a result of a one-shot affair but an
outcome of continuous efforts of discovering and evalua-
ting alternatives. In iteratively discovering and evaluating
alternatives, a creative individual seeks a balance between
usefulness and innovativeness that is necessary for a
product to be creative. The product must be novel so that it
is not a part of existing well-known solutions. On the other
hand, if the product is not useful, or of little value, it cannot
be regarded as creative. Following orderly rules leads to a
design product that is useful, but not necessarily novel. To
transcend the tradition, one needs to take a chaotic
approach by breaking rules, which, however, has less
chance to produce a useful product.
Creativity is a human trait that is not easily converted
into a computational tool. It is not realistic to simulate
creativity by computational tools, but it is possible to
stimulate designer by altering the underlying environment.
Rather than to realize the creative design by computer,
computer supported design system should be used to help
designers to catch sudden inspiration. Thus, creativity could
be enhanced by stimulating designers and by allowing them
to explore innovative designs more easily.
2.2. Creative idea emerges in a special environment
Creativity can occur in a variety of situations, going from
artistic situations to situations of technological innovation.
However, it is true that sudden inspiration is often
stimulated via special media in a special environment.
Most of researchers in the field of creativity agree that
designers who are engaged in creative design tasks use
external resources extensively
[7 – 9]
. Such external
resources include a variety of physical and logical
information, for instance, reading books, browsing photo-
graphic images, talking to other people, listening to music,
looking at the sea or taking a walk in the mountains.
Sketches and other forms of external representations
produced in the course of design are also a type of external
resources that designers depend on
[10]
. When designers
discover a new or previously hidden association between a
certain piece of information and what they want to design,
the moment of creative brainwave emerges. Designers then
apply the association to their design and produce a creative
design.
The particular useful information of activating creativity
is visual images. Industrial designers, for instance, often
have ‘image albums’ that hold a large number of visual
images that they have accumulated over the years. In the
early phase of the design process, the designer browses the
album to find images that help them generate new ideas.
One story was introduced by Kumiyo Nakakoji
[11]
. While
designing a chair, one designer browsed image in his image
album seeking for some that would be useful for his design.
Although, he did not have a clear goal in mind while
browsing, he was vaguely thinking of objects that have the
same functionality as a chair. When he saw a picture of
flower, the image clicked—the moment of creative insight.
The round bowl-like shape of a chair emerged from his
mind.
When he was browsing images in his image album, he
already had a vague understanding about his design: such as
seat-able, comfortable, nice-looking and the typical shape of
a chair, although he has no clear idea about his design. As
Fig. 1
indicates, the picture of a flower makes this
association between round bowl-like shape and ambiguous
adumbration in his mind. This process depends on the
designer’s ability to discover this association but is
stimulated by the image.
In product design, visual expression, especially in the
form of sketching, is a key activity in the process of
originating new product ideas. In the early conceptual stage
of the design process, it is typical for an engineer or
architect to use various relatively unstructured forms of
pictorial representation such as sketches. As the design
develops, other more structured forms of pictorial rep-
resentations, such as plans or sections, become a part of the
process. The use of these forms of pictorial representation
has long been considered to relate to creativity and
innovation in design. Empirical evidence regarding these
beliefs is, however, relatively sparse. This applies to both
the general question of the role that pictorial representation
plays, and the more specific issue of the cognitive
processes involved in using such pictorial representations
and how they might lead to creative and innovative
problem solving.
H. Liu et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 35 (2004) 261–271
262
Larkin and Simon
[12]
argued that expert reasoning used
two forms of representations of a problem. One was
sentential or conceptual representation of physical knowl-
edge while the other was imaginal representations in the
mind’s eye
[13]
that could then be externally represented in
the form of diagrams. Larkin and Simon suggest that such
visual forms of representation lead to a more computation-
ally efficient search for information relevant to solving
problems because of the 2D, spatial structures of diagrams.
That is, the diagrams allow the direct discovery of relevant
spatial information for the solution of the problem.
While the research on the relationship between imagin-
ation and perception was primarily concerned with the
question of the functional equivalence between the two,
imagination has been seen as essential part of creative
problem solving. Imagination as such was not seen as
essential to creativity but rather the insights that appeared to
be supported by reinterpretations of images—that is,
creativity was associated with the emergence of new ways
of seeing images and this occurred in the mind’s eye.
In this paper, we do not pay attention to analyze the
ability of association and inspiration of human being in
design. The purpose of our discussion is to illuminate that
the visual representation and environment can indeed push
designers generate new ideas and stimulate their design
inspiration for creative design.
3. Related works
Genetic algorithms are highly parallel mathematical
algorithms that transform populations of individual math-
ematical objects (typically fixed length binary character
strings) into new populations using operations patterned
after (1) natural genetic operations such as sexual
recombination (crossover) and (2) fitness proportionate
reproduction (Darwinian survival of the fittest). Genetic
algorithms begin with an initial population of individuals
(typically randomly generated) and then iteratively (1)
evaluate the individuals in the population for fitness with
respect to the problem environment and (2) perform genetic
operations on various individuals in the population to
produce a new population
[14]
.
John Holland presented the pioneering formulation of
genetic algorithms and described how the evolutionary
process in nature can be applied to artificial systems using
the genetic algorithm operating on fixed length character
strings in Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems
[15]
.
In this work, Holland demonstrated that a wide variety of
different problems in adaptive systems (including problems
from economics, game theory, pattern recognition, optim-
ization, and artificial intelligence) are susceptible to
reformation in genetic terms so that they can potentially
be solved by the highly parallel mathematical ‘genetic
Fig. 1. The use of visual images in a creative design process.
Fig. 2. The hierarchical structure of a product tree.
H. Liu et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 35 (2004) 261–271
263
algorithm’ that simulates Darwinian evolutionary processes
and
naturally
occurring
genetic
operations
on
chromosomes.
Genetic algorithm has shown a great potential to work
out several real-world problems in the point of optimization,
but it is still quite far from realizing a system of matching
the human performance, especially in creative applications
such as architecture, art, music, and design. The optimi-
zation of existing designs is relatively common, with the
creation of artistic images and artificial life growing rapidly.
However, the creation of new designs seems to be a less
common subject for research, with little literature in
existence
[16]
.
Some of the work was performed by Professor John
Frazer, who spent many years developing evolutionary
architecture systems with his students. He showed how
evolution could generate many surprising and inspirational
architectural forms, and how novel and useful structures
could be evolved
[17 – 19]
. In Australia, the work of
Professor John Gero and colleagues also investigated the
use of evolution to generate new architectural forms. This
work concentrates on the use of evolution of new floor plans
for buildings, showing over many years of research how
explorative evolution can create novel floor plans that
satisfy many fuzzy constraints and objectives
[20]
. They
even show how evolution can learn to create buildings in the
style of well-known architects. Professor Celestino Soddu
of Italy uses evolution to generate castles and 3D Picasso
sculptures
[21]
.
However, the development of evolutionary design tools
is still at its early stage. So far, many genetic algorithms
have been used and tested only in design problem solution
with small scope. The research and development of design
support tools using evolutionary computing technology are
still in process and have huge potential for the development
of new design technology.
4. Tree-based genetic algorithm
Solving a given problem with genetic algorithm starts
with specifying a representation of the candidate solutions.
Such candidate solutions are seen as phenotypes that can
have very complex structures. The expression of standard
generic algorithm has solved many problems successfully.
However, when applying genetic algorithms to highly
complex applications, some problems do arise. The most
common is fixed length character strings present difficulties
for some problems. For example, mathematical expressions
may be arbitrary size and take a variety of forms. Thus, it
would not be logical to code them as fixed length binary
strings.
John Koza, leader in genetic programming, pointed out
“Representation is a key issue in genetic algorithm work
because genetic algorithms directly manipulate the coded
representation of the problem and because the represen-
tation scheme can severely limit the window by which the
system observes its world. Fixed length character strings
present difficulties for some problems—particularly pro-
blems where the desired solution is hierarchical and where
the size and shape of the solution is unknown in advance.
…The structure of the individual mathematical objects that
are manipulated by the genetic algorithm can be more
complex than the fixed length character strings”
[22]
.
The application of a tree representation (and required
genetic operators) for using genetic algorithms to generate
programs was first described in 1985 by Cramer
[23]
. Based
on Cramer’s work, Koza
[24]
extended the framework by
relaxing the fixed length character string restriction. This
results in genetic programming, which allows flexible
presentation of solutions as hierarchies of different func-
tions in tree-like structures.
A natural representation of genetic programming is that
of parse trees of formal logical expressions describing a
model or procedure. Crossover and mutation operators are
adapted so that they work on trees (with varying sizes). In
this paper, tree-like presentation presented in genetic
programming is adopted and extended.
Definition 1.
A binary expression tree is a finite set of nodes
that either is empty or consists of a root and two disjoint
binary trees called the left sub-tree and the right sub-tree.
Fig. 3. A crossover operation.
Fig. 4. A mutation operation.
H. Liu et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 35 (2004) 261–271
264
Each node of the tree is either a terminal node (operand) or a
primitive functional node (operator). Operands can be either
variables or constants. Operator set includes standard
operators (þ , 2 ,*,/,^), basic mathematic functions (such
as sqrt ( ), exp( ), log( )), triangle functions (such as sin( ),
cos( ), tan( ), asin( ), acos( ), atan( )), hyperbolic functions
(such as sinh( ), consh( ), tanh( ), asinh( ), acosh( ), atanh( ))
and so on.
Here, we use the expression of mathematic functions in
MATLAB.
Definition 2.
Feature F
i
is a tri-tuples ðF
i
ID
; t
i
; v
i
Þ
; where
F
i
ID is the name of feature F
i
; t
i
is the type and v
i
is the
value of feature F
i
. In which, value is broad sense and can be
number, character string, array, function, expression, file
and so on.
Definition 3.
Feature vector FV is defined as a vector
FV ¼, F
1
; F
2
; …; F
n
.
; where F
i
is a feature.
Definition 4.
Feature tree FT is defined as FT ¼ ðD
; RÞ;
where D ¼ {FV
i
} £ domain ðFV
i
Þ £ (NIL), FV
i
is a
feature vector and is a node on the feature tree, R ¼ {fri}
is a set of relations and constraints among the nodes of the
feature tree.
Definition 5.
Product tree PT is defined as PT ¼ (PD,PR),
where PD ¼ {FT
i
} £ domain ðFT
i
Þ £ {NIL}, FT
i
is a
feature tree and is a node on the product tree, PR ¼ {pri}
is a set of relations and constraints among the nodes of the
product tree.
From the above definition, we can discover that the
expression of a product can be divided into two layers (see
Fig. 2
) and a multi-branch tree is formed.
Genetic operations include crossover, mutation and
selection. According to the above definition, the operations
are described here. All of these operations take the tree as
their operating object.
Fig. 5. A hierarchical structure of a reading lamp.
Fig. 6. An example of the curve with three axis points and 19 curve points.
H. Liu et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 35 (2004) 261–271
265
(1) Crossover. The primary reproductive operation is the
crossover operation. The purpose of this is to create
two new trees that contain genetic information about
the problem solution inherited from two successful
parents. A crossover node is randomly selected in
each parent tree. The sub-tree below this node in the
first parent tree is then swapped with the sub-tree
below the crossover node in the other parent, thus
creating two new offspring. A crossover operation is
shown as
Fig. 3
.
(2) Mutation. The mutation operation is used to enhance
the diversity of trees in the new generation thus
opening up new areas of ‘solution space’. It works by
selecting a random node in a single parent and
removing the sub-tree below it. A randomly generated
sub-tree then replaces the removed sub-tree. A
mutation operation is shown as
Fig. 4
.
(3) Selection. For general design, we can get the
requirement from designer and transfer it into
objective function. Then, the fitness value can be
gained by calculating the similar degree between the
objective and individual by a formula. However, for
creative design, it has no standards to form an
objective function. It is hard to calculate the fitness
values by a formula. In our system, we use the method
of interaction with designer to get fitness values. The
range of fitness values is from 1 to 1. After an
evolutionary procedure, the fitness values appointed
by designer are recorded in the knowledge base for
reuse. Next time, when the same situation appears, the
system will access them from the knowledge base.
Many explorative systems use human input to help guide
evolution. Artists and designers can completely take over
the role of fitness function
[25,26]
. Because evolution is
guided by human selectors, the evolutionary algorithm does
not have to be complex. Evolution is used more as a
continuous novelty generator, not as an optimizer. This
method gives the designer the authority to select their
favorite designs and thus guide system to be evolved toward
the promising designs. Artificial selection can be a useful
means for dealing with ill-defined selection criteria,
particularly user-centered concerns.
For clarity, we will present the performing procedure of
the generic algorithm together with a design example in
Section 5.
Fig. 7. Fitting a mathematical expression to curve points.
Fig. 8. Two parent trees with one crossover node.
H. Liu et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 35 (2004) 261–271
266
5. A reading lamp figuration design example
A reading lamp design example is presented in this
section for showing how to use tree-based generic algorithm
to generate 2D sketches and 3D images in design process.
Fig. 5
shows a hierarchical structure of a reading lamp
based on the functional components, which can be classified
as:
† Lamp cover
† Light
† Lamp holder
† Bottom
A tree-based genetic algorithm is used on two layers: the
first is on the feature layer, and the second is on the
component layer. At the feature layer, the execution of
genetic algorithm is going to generate some new component
shapes while at the second layer the generated outcome will
be some afresh combinations of the components.
Here, we take lamp holder generation as an example for
showing the execution of the genetic algorithm on feature
layer.
Step 1. Initialize the population of chromosomes. The
populations are generated by randomly selecting nodes in
the set of operands and the set of operators to form a
mathematical expression. We use the stack to check whether
such a mathematical expression has properly balanced
parentheses. Then, using parsing algorithm, the mathemat-
ical expression is read as a string of characters and the
binary mathematical expression tree is constructed accord-
ing to the rules of operator precedence.
For extracting the features of successful design from
outside, we also generate some chromosomes from
the product design database and build mathematical
expression trees by the following approach.
(a) Create a scanned image file. An image can be brought
into the computer using a scanner or a digital camera
and is saved as a JPEG image file. Scanners can offer a
more satisfying resolution, which will be important if
the digitized data must be very accurate. Digital
cameras may also be used, although accuracy will be
degraded.
(b) Open a scanned image file. Selecting Open command
from the menu and shows the scanned image on the
screen. The color of the scanned image will be filtered.
Fig. 9. The results of a crossover operation.
Fig. 10. The lamp holders correspond to generated curves in
Fig. 9
.
H. Liu et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 35 (2004) 261–271
267
(c) Create two or three axis points. The program uses axis
points to define the coordinates of the scanned images.
If the scanned image has the same scale in both the
horizontal and vertical directions, then, only two axis
points are needed. Once the axis points are defined, the
status bar automatically shows the graph coordinates of
the cursor as it is moved around. In addition, grid lines
can then be shown.
(d) Create points for the curve. There may be one, two or
more curves in a worksheet. Selected curve is
described using at least two points (see
Fig. 6
).
(e) Fit a mathematical expression to curve points. Choose
a mathematical expression template, edit the equation
and adjust the equation coefficients to improve the
fitness through the points (see
Fig. 7
).
(f)
Use parsing algorithm, the mathematical expression is
read and a binary mathematical expression tree is cons-
tructed according to the rules of operator precedence.
Step 2. Get the fitness for each individual of the
population via interaction with designer. The population
with high fitness will be shown in 3D form first. Designers
can change the fitness value after they see the 3D images.
Step 3. Form a new population according to each
individual’s fitness.
Step 4. Perform crossover and mutation operations on the
population.
Fig. 8
shows two binary mathematical expression trees.
Their mathematical expressions are (1.2þ sin(8x))x^2cos(x)
and x(1 2 x)(1.5 þ (cos(8x)), respectively.
Fig. 11. One parent tree and a sub-tree.
Fig. 12. The result of a mutation operation.
H. Liu et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 35 (2004) 261–271
268
(1) Crossover operation. A crossover node is randomly
selected in each parent tree. The sub-tree below this
node on one parent tree is then swapped with the sub-
tree below the crossover node on the other parent, thus
generating two new offspring. If the new tree cannot
pass the syntax check or its mathematical expression
cannot form a normal curve, it will die.
Taking the two trees in
Fig. 8
as parent, after the
crossover operations by nodes ‘A’, we get a pair of
children (see
Fig. 9
).
Fig. 10
shows generated lamp holders in 3D form
correspond to generated curves in
Fig. 9
.
(2) Mutation operation. The mutation operation works
by selecting a random node in a single parent
and removing the sub-tree below it. A randomly
generated sub-tree then replaces the removed sub-tree.
The offspring will die if it cannot pass the syntax check
or it cannot form a normal curve.
One parent tree and a sub-tree are shown in
Fig. 11
. After a mutation operation, a generated
child sketch is shown as the right side in
Fig. 12
.
Step 5. If the procedure is not stopped by the designer, go
to step 2.
This process of selection and crossover, with infrequent
mutation, continues for several generations until it is
stopped by the designers. Then the amending design will
be done by designers with human wisdom.
Fig. 13. A reading lamp tree with one crossover point ‘A’.
Fig. 14. A crossover operation on a cover shape feature.
H. Liu et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 35 (2004) 261–271
269
Next phase, the similar operations are performed on
product tree. Here, we only show a crossover operation of
the second phase.
Fig. 13
is a reading lamp product tree. After a crossover
operation on node A (two parent use the same crossover
point-cover shape feature), we get the outcome in
Fig. 14
.
When crossover operations happened on different
feature nodes, children will change their related features
(shape, size or color). Generally, these operations cannot
produce surprised result because they are the recombina-
tion of existing components and are constrained by many
factors.
The mutation operator works by selecting a random
node in a single parent and removing the sub-tree below
it. In general, a new sub-tree will be gotten from outside-
other design group or a public component base
[27]
and
then it replaces the removed sub-tree.
Designers embellish the generated images by using
computer operations, such as rotating, rending, lighting,
coloring and so on. Then, we can get some reading lamp
images as shown in
Fig. 15
.
6. Conclusions
With this insight into enabling creativity by evolution,
we create a framework for explorative supporting creative
design by evolutionary computing technology. For only a
part of generated mathematical expressions can be
expressed by curves and generate useful shapes, generated
shapes in this system are relative simple and limited.
Although looking simple, the framework employs a
feasible and useful approach in a visual evolutionary
computing environment. This environment is used to
stimulate the imagination of designers and activate their
‘eye in mind’. It will give the designers concrete help for
extending their design spaces.
The work described in this paper is a part of the
continuing project done by the Design Technology
Research Centre (DTRC) in the School of Design at the
Hong Kong Polytechnic University
[28]
. There is still much
work to be done before the full potential power of the
system can be realized. Our current work is the development
of an integrated computer-aided design environment.
Evolutionary computation, artificial intelligence, integrated
and interactive system techniques, and virtual reality are
employed for the implementation of this environment.
Acknowledgements
This project is funded by the Research Fellow Matching
Fund Scheme 2001 (No. G.YY.34, No. G.YY.35) of the
Hong Kong Polytechnic University, and supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.
69975010 and No. 60374054) and Natural Science Foun-
dation of Shandong Province (No. Y2003G01).
Fig. 15. Some generated reading lamps.
H. Liu et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 35 (2004) 261–271
270
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