Encyclopedia of Islam



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Further reading: Hamid Enayat, Modern Islamic Politi-

cal Thought (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982); 

Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 



1798–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

1983).


Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad ibn

  See 

i

bn

 a



bd

 

al



-W

ahhab


, m

Uhammad


.

Abduh, Muhammad

 

(1849–1905)  modern 



Islamic modernist thinker

Muhammad Abduh was an Egyptian religious 

scholar, jurist, and leader of a major social reform 

movement in the Muslim world who advocated 

a modernist reinterpretation of i

slam


. Known as 

the “father of Islamic modernism,” he was born in 

1849 to a modest family in the Egyptian delta. His 

early education involved traditional q

Uran

 mem-


orization, although Abduh’s natural inclinations 

tended toward s

UFism

. In 1877, he concluded 



his studies in religion, logic, and 

philosophy

 at 

al

-a



zhar

 University and began teaching there as 

a religious scholar. Simultaneously, he became 

interested in politics, publishing articles on politi-

cal and social reform and joining the Egyptian 


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