Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Al-Biruni, Alberuni’s India: An Account 

of the Religion, Philosophy, Literature, Geography, Chro-

nology, Astronomy, Customs, Laws and Astrology of India 

about A.D. 1030, ed. and trans. Edward C. Sachau (Delhi: 

Low Price Publications, 1989); Seyyid Hossein Nasr, An 

Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines (Boulder, 

Colo.: Shambhala, 1964): 107–174; George Saliba, “Al-

Biruni and the Sciences of His Time.” In Religion, Learn-

ing and Science in the Abbasid Period, edited by M. J. L. 

Young, J. D. Latham, and R. B Serjeant, 405–423 (Cam-

bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).