pressure in most patients whose baseline systolic blood pressure is 15 mmHg or more
above their goal. Combination therapy with drugs from different classes has a substantially
greater blood pressure-lowering effect than doubling the dose of a single agent, often with
acting ACE inhibitor or ARB in concert with a long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel
blocker. Combination of an ACE inhibitor or ARB with a thiazide diuretic can also be used
A thiazide-like diuretic or long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker should
specific (compelling) indication for their use, such as ischemic heart disease or heart
presented elsewhere. (See
"Choice of drug therapy in primary (essential) hypertension",
section on 'Combination therapy'
.)
Initial combination antihypertensive therapy with two first-line agents of different classes is
suggested in any patient whose blood pressure is more than 20 mmHg systolic or 10
mmHg diastolic above their goal blood pressure [
4,5
]. (See
'Blood pressure goals (targets)'
below.)
If blood pressure remains uncontrolled (see
'Blood pressure goals (targets)'
below) despite
use of two antihypertensive medications, we recommend therapy with ACE inhibitor or ARB
in conjunction with both a long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker and a
thiazide-like diuretic (
chlorthalidone
preferred). If a long-acting dihydropyridine calcium
channel blocker is not tolerated due to leg swelling, a non-dihydropyridine calcium channel
blocker (ie,
verapamil
or
diltiazem
) may be used instead. If a thiazide-like diuretic is not
tolerated or is contraindicated, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (ie,
spironolactone
or
eplerenone
) may be used.
If the above drug classes cannot be used due to intolerance or contraindication, a beta
blocker, alpha blocker, or direct arterial vasodilators present other options. Generally,
concomitant use of beta blockers and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers
should be avoided. Patients not controlled on a combination of three antihypertensive
medications that are taken at reasonable doses and that include a diuretic are considered
to have drug-resistant hypertension (once nonadherence and white coat effect have been
eliminated as possibilities). Diagnosis and management of drug-resistant hypertension is
discussed in detail elsewhere. (See
"Definition, risk factors, and evaluation of resistant
hypertension"
and
"Treatment of resistant hypertension"
.)
Fixed-dose, single-pill combination medications should be used whenever feasible to
reduce the pill burden on patients and improve medication adherence. (See
"The
prevalence and control of hypertension in adults", section on 'Methods to improve control
rates'
.)
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