2
emissions per 1,000 inhabitants, 2000‐
2008.
Missing data
<0%
0‐3.8%
3.8‐20%
20‐33%
>33%
Source: OECD/IEA
59
It is useful to make the distinction between pollutants and greenhouse gases. Carbon Dioxide (CO
2
), which is an inevitable product of
burning a fuel which contains carbon (as all petroleum products do). CO
2
does not an air pollutant per se, but a greenhouse gas and,
therefore, contribute to global warming. Pollutants on the other side have a locally harmful impact on the environment.
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Emission of greenhouse gases from transport has been increasing in the ECE region overall
over the last decades. In 1990 2,764 million tonnes of CO
2
were emitted from the transport
sector in the ECE region and in 2008 3,222 million tonnes were emitted, an increase of 17%.
Measured in emission per capita a number of Western European countries in the UNECE
have managed to decrease the emissions over the last decade as shown in figure 7.4. The
road sector constitutes for an increasing share of transport CO
2
emissions, and in 2008 85%
of total transport CO
2
emissions originated from road transport. CO
2
emissions from road
transport increased by 23% from 1990 to 2008 in the ECE region, despite the fact that
vehicles are becoming more efficient and new technologies reduce the amount of emissions.
This effect is however opposed by the increasing transport demand.
Call for adaptation:
The popular perception that UNECE countries are not significantly affected by climate
change has been recognized as fundamentally wrong over the past years. Furthermore, the
most serious climate change impacts in the UNECE countries increase vulnerabilities in other
parts of the world. Melting of the ice‐belt, for example, can drastically redesign global
transport routes and consequently marginalize countries along the present international
corridors.
Summer heat deteriorates road surface and rail tracks (e.g. Central Europe, Central Asia etc.)
in many parts in the region to the extent that traffic has to be limited, diverted or ceased ‐
maintenance and rehabilitation costs are becoming particularly high, while the public
expenditure capacity is not able to cope even with the normally needed maintenance and
rehabilitation requirements, not to speak about clearing the backlogs and the new demand
due to climate change impacts. Extra precipitation in some rural communities cuts them off
and keeps them isolated for longer period of the year (e.g. Southern parts of the Russian
Federation, South‐Caucasus); degradation of the perma‐frost causes concerns for airports in
Siberia and for the Trans‐Siberian railways. Ice roads are less and less available in some Baltic
countries and in Russian Federation where they are useful, and in some cases their limited
availability may disconnect mines and exploitation centres from the rest of the world ‐ thus
undermining economic performance of a country. Moreover, extreme weather conditions
pose further road safety hazard in countries where fast motorization over the past two
decades has not been cushioned with adequate institutional reforms and by enforcement of
traffic rules.
These changes exacerbate the already severe infrastructure problems. The legacy of Eastern
Europe include shortcomings in infrastructure management systems, poorly built
infrastructure and the numerous transition traps (low governance in public infrastructure,
lack of available funds) make parts of the ECE region even more vulnerable.
Several countries have already analysed the situation, and we are witnessing a new wave of
national transport strategies that address adaptation challenges. Transport investment plans
more and more incorporate projects that are driven by adaptation strategies.
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