§5.6 Addition of harmonic oscillations of the same frequency and the same
direction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . ………………………………77
§5.7 Addition of mutually perpendicular harmonic oscillations. . . . . . . . . . . . 78
§5.8 Damped of oscillations. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .80
§5.9 Forced of oscillations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .84
§5.10 Propagation of mechanical waves in an elastic medium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
§5.12 Equations of plane and spherical waves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
§5.13. Energy of elastic mechanical waves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …… . . . . 92
§5.14 Standing Waves. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .95
CHAPTER VI. FOUNDATIONS OF THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY. . . . ..97
§6.1 Relativity of motion in mechanics. Transformations of Galileo. . . . . . . . . .97
§6.2 The principle of relativity. Invariants with respect to the Galilean
transformations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………… . . . . . . 99
§6.3 Elements of relativistic mechanics. Special theory of relativity. . . . ……...100
§6.4 Transformations of Lorentz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …101
§6.5 Consequences of Lorentz transformations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
§6.6 The law of addition of velocities in relativistic mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . ..107
§6.7 Relativistic momentum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …...109
§6.8 Equation of motion of a relativistic particle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …….110
§6.9 Work and kinetic energy in relativistic mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...112
§6.10 Relation between the relativistic mass, energy and momentum. . . . . . . . .114
§6.11 Invariants with respect to Lorentz transformations. ... . . . . . . . . . . . ……117
§6.12 Lorentz transformations for energy and momentum .... . . . . . . . . ... . . …118
CHAPTER VII. ELEMENTS OF MECHANICS OF SUMMARY MEDIA. . . .119
§7.1 Equation of motion and equilibrium of liquids. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..119
§7.2 Hydrostatics of an incompressible fluid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …122
§7.3. Stationary flow of an ideal fluid. Bernoulli equation. . . . . . . . . . . . ……..123
§7.4 Flow of liquid through tubes. The Poiseule formula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …126
§7.5 Forces of resistance to the motion of bodies in liquids and gases. . . ... . . .128
CHAPTER VIII. FOUNDATIONS OF MOLECULAR-KINETIC THEORY
AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………130
§8.1 Equation of state of an ideal gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
§8.2 The basic equation of the molecular-kinetic theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …132
§8.3. Distribution of gas molecules over velocities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …….136
§8.4. The barometric formula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……138
§8.5 The Boltzmann distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….139
CHAPTER IX. THE BASIS OF THERMODYNAMICS. . . . . . . . . . ………...141
§9.1 Uniform energy distribution in the molecular degrees of freedom i. . . . . ...141
§9.2. Gas expansion work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….143
§9.3 The internal energy of an ideal gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….144
§9.4 The first law of thermodynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …..145
§9.5 The heat capacity of an ideal gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …147
§9.6 Application of the first law of thermodynamics to icoprocess. . . . . . . . . . ..150
§9.7 The adiabatic process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……...152
511
CHAPTER X. REVERSE AND NON-PROCESSED PROCESSES. .. . . . . …..154
§10.1. The circular process. The second law of thermodynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . .154
§10.2 Carnot cycle. Efficiency of the Carnot cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …..156
§10.3 Reduced amount of heat. Inequality of Clausius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………159
§10.4 Entropy. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ……160
§10.5 The properties of entropy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……163
CHAPTER XI. REAL GASES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……168
§11.1 Deviation of gases from ideality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……...168
§11.2 Van der Waals equation. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . …….169
§11.3. Experimental isotherms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ……….173
§11.4 Internal energy of a real gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……..175
§11.5 The Joule-Thomson effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……176
CHAPTER XII. ELECTROSTATIC FIELD AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS. 179
§12.1 Electric charge. The law of conservation of electric charge. . . . . . . …. .. 179
§12.2 Law of the Coulomb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ………181
§12.3 Electrostatic field and its tension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………183
§12.4. Flow of the tension vector. Gauss's theorem and its applications. . . . ….186
§12.5 Work of charge transfer in an electric field. Potential and potential
difference. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………………………...190
§12.6 Relationship between the potential and the strength of the electric field. ..194
CHAPTER XIII. DIELECTRICS AND CONDUCTORS IN THE
ELECTROSTATIC FIELD. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………… . . . . . . . . . .197
§13.1 Polarization of dielectrics. Dipole in an electric field. . . . . ……... . . . . . .197
§13.2 Gauss's theorem for an electrostatic field in dielectrics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..199
§13.3 Ferroelectrics. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …..202
§13.4 Distribution of charges in conductors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……204
§13.5 The law of electrostatic induction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ……..206
§13.6 Electrical conductivity of conductors. Capacitors. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . …..208
§13.7 The energy of the electrostatic field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……213
§13.8 Ponderomotive forces. Theories of long-range and near-range
interaction………………………………………………………………………..215
CHAPTER XIV. THE LAWS OF THE DC. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ………..218
§14.1 Direct current. Strength and current density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …….218
§14.2 Electromotive force. Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….219
§14.3 Ohm's law in integral and differential form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……222
§14.4 Work and power of current. ... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………226
§14.5 Kirchhoff’s rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………...227
CHAPTER XV. ELECTRIC CURRENT IN VARIOUS MEDIA. .. . . . . . . …..229
§15.1 Electric current in gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………229
§15.2 Nonself-sustained gas discharge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………230
§15.3 Self- sustained gas discharge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……...232
§15.4 Plasma and its properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . …233
CHAPTER XVI. MAGNETIC FIELD IN VACUUM. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . …242
§16.1 The vector of magnetic induction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ………242
512
§16.2 Graphical representation of the magnetic field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....246
§16.3 Biot-Savart-Laplace law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . …….248
§16.4 Magnetic field of conductors with currents of different shapes. . . . . . …249
CHAPTER XVII. EFFECT OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD ON CONDUCTORS
WITH CURRENTS AND ELECTRICAL CHARGES. . . . . . . . . . . . . ……….251
§17.1 Ampere's Law.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ……...251
§17.2 Interaction of parallel currents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………..254
§17.3 The Power of Lorentz .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………..255
§17.4 Motion of charged particles in a magnetic field. . .. . . . . . . . . . ………….256
§17.5 The Hall effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……….258
CHAPTER XVIII. CIRCULATION AND FLOW OF THE VECTOR OF
MAGNETIC INDUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….260
§18.1 Circulation of the vector of magnetic induction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……260
§18.2 The magnetic field of a solenoid and a toroid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………...262
§18.3 Flow of magnetic field. Gauss's theorem. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ………...263
§18.4 Work of moving a conductor and a circuit with current in a magnetic
field………………………………………………………………………………264
CHAPTER XIX. OF THE EVENT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION…………………………………………………………………….266
§19.1 Faraday's experiments. The law of electromagnetic induction.
The Lenz rule. .......................................................................................................266
§19.2 Self-inductance. Inductance. Inductance of the solenoid. . . . . . . . . . . . . .268
§19.3 Currents at closing and opening of the circuit. . ... . .. . . . . . …... . . . . . . ..269
§19.4 Mutual induction. Transformers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271
§19.5 The energy of the magnetic field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272
CHAPTER XX. MAGNETIC FIELD IN THE SUBSTANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . .273
§20.1 The vector of magnetic field intensity and its circulation. . . . . .. . . . . . .. .273
§20.2. Magnetic materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ..275
§20.3 Diamagnetism and paramagnetism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ……… .276
§20.4. Ferromagnets. Magnetic hysteresis and domain theory of ferromagnets. 280
CHAPTER XXI. THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE THEORY OF THE
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD. . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………………………….282
§21.1 Vortex electric field. Maxwell's equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……282
§21.2 The phenomenon of magnetoelectric induction. The bias current. . . . …..283
§21.3 Maxwell's equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...286
§21.4 Electromagnetic field. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. …288
CHAPTER XXII. ELECTROMAGNETIC OSCILLATIONS AND
WAVES……………….…………………………………………………………290
§22.1 Electromagnetic oscillations in the oscillatory circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . …290
§22.2. Free electromagnetic oscillations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……...292
§22.3 Damped electromagnetic oscillations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …293
§22.4 Forced electromagnetic oscillations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……..294
§22.5 Excitation and propagation velocity of electromagnetic waves. . . . . . . …296
§22.6 Properties and differential equation of electromagnetic waves. . . . . . . . ..300
513
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