PART 1
Getting Started
otherwise the plane wouldn’t have returned). The resulting solution did work and
is now used as the basis for survivor bias (the fact that the survivors of an incident
often don’t show what actually caused a loss) in working with algorithms. You can
read more about this fascinating bit of history at
http://www.macgetit.com/
solving-problems-of-wwii-bombers/
. The point is that biases and other prob-
lems in modeling problems can create solutions that don’t work.
Real-world modeling may also include the addition of what scientists normally
consider undesirable traits. For example, scientists often consider noise undesir-
able because it hides the underlying data. Consider a hearing aid, which removes
noise to enable someone to hear better (see the discussion at
http://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4111515/
for details). Many methods exist for
removing noise, some of which you can find in this book starting with Chapter 9
as part of other topic discussions. However, as counterintuitive as it might seem,
adding noise also requires an algorithm that provides useful output. For example,
Ken Perlin wanted to get rid of the machine-like look of computer-generated
graphics in 1983 and created an algorithm to do so. The result is Perlin noise (see
http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/perlin/
for details). The effect is so
useful that Ken won an Academy Award for his work (see
http://mrl.nyu.
edu/~perlin/doc/oscar.html
for details). Other people, such as Steven Worley,
have created other sorts of noise that affect graphics in other ways (see the
discussion at
http://procworld.blogspot.com/2011/05/hello-worley.html
,
which compares Perlin noise to Worley noise). The point is that whether you need
to remove or add noise depends on the problem domain you want to solve. A real-
world scenario often requires choices that may not be obvious when working in
the lab or during the learning process.
The main gist of this section is that solutions often require several iterations to
create, you may have to spend a lot of time refining them, and obvious solutions
may not work at all. When modeling a real-world problem, you do begin with the
solutions found in textbooks, but then you must move beyond theory to find the
actual solution to your problem. As this book progresses, you’re exposed to a wide
variety of algorithms — all of which help you find solutions. The important thing
to remember is that you may need to combine these examples in various ways and
discover methods for interacting with data so that it lends itself to finding pat-
terns that match the output you require.
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