This handbook is one of a series of practical tools developed by UNODC
to support countries in the implementation of the rule of law and the
development of criminal justice reform. It can
be used in a variety of con-
texts, including as part of UNODC technical assistance and capacity
building projects. It introduces the reader to restorative justice pro-
grammes and processes. A companion
Handbook of Basic Principles and
Promising Practices on Alternatives to Imprisonment is also available from
UNODC.
The present handbook offers, in a quick reference format,
an overview of
key considerations in the implementation of participatory responses to
crime based on a restorative justice approach. Its focus is on a range of
measures and programmes, inspired by restorative justice values, that are
flexible in their adaptation to criminal justice systems and that comple-
ment them while taking into account varying legal, social and cultural cir-
cumstances. It was prepared for the use
of criminal justice officials,
non-governmental organizations and community groups who are working
together to improve current responses to crime and conflict in their com-
munity. The materials presented in this handbook are directed toward a
number of different audiences and, therefore, individual users may find
some sections of more relevance and interest than others.
The
Vienna Declaration on Crime and Justice: Meeting the Challenges of the
Twenty-first Century (2000) encouraged the “development
of restorative
justice policies, procedures and programmes that are respectful of the
rights, needs and interests of victims, offenders, communities and all
1
Introduction
2
other parties”.
1
In August 2002, the United Nations Economic and Social
Council adopted a resolution calling upon Member States that are imple-
menting restorative justice programmes to draw on a set of
Basic Principles
on the Use of Restorative Justice Programmes in Criminal Matters (here-
inafter: the
Basic Principles) developed by an Expert Group (see annex II).
In 2005, the declaration of the Eleventh United Nations Congress on the
Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (2005) urged
Member States to recognize the importance of further developing restora-
tive justice polices, procedures and programmes that include alternatives
to prosecution.
2, 3
Restorative justice programmes can be used to reduce the burden on the
criminal justice system, to divert cases out
of the system and to provide
the system with a range of constructive sanctions,
The handbook attempts to synthesize the lessons learned during the
implementation and evaluation of various new models and programmes.
It places that discussion in the context of an emerging international nor-
mative framework for the development of participatory and restorative
justice programmes, but it does not use prescriptive language. Its main
purpose is to help those involved in the implementation of participatory
and restorative justice programmes make informed decisions about pro-
gramme design, implementation and evaluation.
The implementation of
restorative justice programmes, as a complement
to the criminal justice system, was accompanied by the development of
safeguards for participants and efforts to maximize their restorative and
crime prevention outcomes. In 2002, the United Nations Economic and
Social Council adopted a resolution containing a set of
Basic Principles on
the Use of Restorative Justice Programmes in Criminal Matters.
These principles
offer important guidance for policy makers, community organizations and
criminal justice officials involved in the development of restorative justice
response to crime in their society. The
Basic Principles provided the basis
for the present handbook and are reproduced in annex II.
This handbook contains seven sections. The first one reviews the main
concepts involved, as well as the values and objectives of participatory
and restorative justice. Section two deals
with the use of restorative
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