Discourse Approach to Turn-taking


Listener Activity: Back-Channel Signals



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2.5.4

Listener Activity: Back-Channel Signals

While the speaker is talking, the listener does not remain as a passive listener, but

provides verbal and non-verbal reactions without actually having an intention to take

over the turn. Back-channels function as ‘supports’, ‘exclamations’, ‘exclamatory

questions’, ‘sentence completions’, and ‘restatements’ (Duncan & Niederehe’s in

Oreström 1983: 107). Oreström’s study revealed that the most common type was m

(supporting back-channel), most of which was generally accompanied with a falling

tone. Level tone was found to be the second most common type. Use of a rising tone

was rare. Oreström explains this as an avoidance so that the back-channels would not



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be understood as an elicit. Regarding exclamations and exclamatory questions, the

most common tone was a falling tone, although the number treated in his study was

small. Finally, some of the back-channels indicated the listener’s raised interest in

taking over the turn and some of them were actually used as eliciting a turn.  

2.6


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