ISSN 2220-8488 (Print), 2221-0989 (Online) ©Center for Promoting Ideas, USA www.ijhssnet.com
50
“For present purposes, I suggest ‘disciplinary matrix’: ‘disciplinary’ because it refers to the common possession
of the practitioners of a particular discipline; ‘matrix’ because it is composed of ordered elements of various sorts,
each requiring further specification. All or most of the objects of group commitment that my original texts make
paradigms, parts of paradigms, or paradigmatic are constituents of the disciplinary matrix, and as such, they form
a whole and function together”.
In the second sense, the paradigm is a single element of a whole, say for instance Newton’s Principia, which,
acting as a common model or an example, paradigm means simply an example, as you know, stands for the
explicit rules, and thus defines a coherent tradition of investigation. Thus, the question is for Kuhn to investigate
by means of the paradigm what makes possible the constitution of what he calls a normal science. That is to say,
the science which can decide if a certain problem will be considered scientific or not. Normal science does not
mean at all a science guided by a coherent system of rules, on the contrary, the rules can be derived from the
paradigms, but the paradigms can guide the investigation also in the absence of rules. This is precisely the second
meaning of the term paradigm, which Kuhn considered the newest and profound, though it is in truth the oldest.
The paradigm is in this sense, just an example, a single phenomenon, a singularity, which can be repeated and
thus acquires the capability of tacitly modeling the behavior and the practice of scientists. Kuhn (1970: 187) in his
postscript to SSR, refers to an achievement of this sort as an exemplar:
“I shall here substitute ‘exemplars.’ By it I mean, initially, the concrete problem-solutions that students
encounter from the start of their scientific education, whether in laboratories, on examinations, or at the ends
of chapters in science texts. To these shared examples should, however, be added at least some of the technical
problem-solutions found in the periodical literature that scientists encounter during their post-educational
research careers and that also show them by example how their job is to be done.”
Among the numerous examples of paradigms Kuhn, gives are Newton's mechanics and theory of gravitation,
Franklin's theory of electricity, and Copernicus' treatise on his heliocentric theory of the solar system. These
works outlined a unified and comprehensive approach to a wide-ranging set of problems in their respective
disciplines. As such, they were definitive in that disciplines. Agamben (2002), in his analysis on how science can
decide if a certain problem will be considered scientific or not, stress on the importance of examplar as they
(paradigms) can guide the investigation also in the absence of rules. A paradigm, in this sense is just an example,
a single phenomenon, a singularity. In other words, normal science does not mean at all a science guided by a
coherent system of rules; on the contrary, the rules can be derived from the paradigms. Bird (2012: 861) similarly
comments that normal science is thereby built on and built by the exemplars. A crisis occurs when science
modeled on the exemplars fails to answer key puzzles. Accordingly, exemplars are transmitted and inculcated by
the training of young scientists. Training with exemplars allows scientists to see the world in a certain way that
enables them to solve scientific problems in ways analogous to those in the exemplars. Thus, revolutions come
about when exemplars are replaced by new exemplars; such revisions to exemplars will bring about other changes
in the disciplinary matrix.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |