O`zbekiston respublikasi oliy vao‘rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi qarshi davlat universiteti

5.
 
Phonetic stylistic devices (Stylistic phonology) 
 
Stylistics is a branch of general linguistics. It is the study and interpretation of texts 
in regard to their phonetic, lexical, morphological, semantic, syntactical features and to 
the style. As a discipline, it links literary criticism to linguistics. As Russian linguists 
I.R.Galperin asserts, it does not function as an autonomous domain on its own, as 
nowadays no science is entirely isolated from other domains of human knowledge. That is 
why it can be applied to a simultaneous understanding of literature, linguistics, theory of 
literature as well as psychology, logics. 
The origin of the term ‘Style’: 
The word ‘style’ is derived from the Latin word
stilos
which means ‘a short stick
sharp at the one end and flat at the other’ used by the Romans for writing on wax tablets. 
Now the word 
style 
is used in so many sentences that it has become a breeding ground for 
ambiguity. The word is also applied to the teaching of how to write a composition; it is 
also used to reveal the correspondence between thought and expression, it frequently 
denotes an individual manner of making use of language. Having been changed from Latin, 
it came to stand not only for a weapon of writing, but for a manner of writing. As one 
should not only possess the right speech, but his speech must be stylistically rich, 
emotional and expressive. 
 Objectives of the subject: 
As a subject stylistics has its objectives. They are outlined by acknowledged linguists 
who attempted to comprise all aspects of the domain.
According to the Russian linguist I.R.Galperin’s statement, stylistics is a branch of 
general linguistics, which deals with the following two interdependent tasks: 
A) Studies the totality of special linguistic means (stylistic devices and expressive 
means) which secure the desirable effect of the utterance; 

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B) Studies certain types of text discourse which due to the choice and arrangement 
of the language are distinguished by the pragmatic aspect of communication (functional 
styles).
1
Rene Wellek, a Check-American literary critic and American theorist Austin 
Warren propounded the following problems of stylistics: 
“Stylistics investigates all devices which aim at some specific expressive end and 
thus embraces far more than literature or even rhetoric. All devices for securing emphasis 
or explicitness can be classed under stylistics: all rhetorical figures, syntactical patterns.”
2
The scholars also assert that stylistics investigates the aesthetic function and meaning of 
work of art or a group of works revealing the ‘specific characteristics’ of them. They 
considers that due to stylistic analysis it is possible to describe the particular style of a 
group of works such as the Elizabethan drama, the metaphysical poem; and identify the 
genre of a particular work of art as the gothic novel, historical novel and others.
Thus, according to R.Wellek and A.Warren the subject of stylistics deals with: 
1)
The study of expressive/rhetorical devices. 
2)
The study of the style of a literary work.
M.D.Kuznetz and Y.M.Skrebnyov
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define the following tasks of the subject of stylistics: 
1) Elucidating the character and the inner structure of expressive means of the 
language. 
2) Defining the function of the expressive means. 
3) Interpretation of synonymous ways of rendering one and the same idea. 
Modern theories show that the objectives of stylistics are of broad principles, 
because the subject deals with deep understanding and thorough analysis of a text, 
revealing its inner specifications and thus opening encoded message according to stylistic 
principles. Stylistic principles, in its turn, took their roots from the ancient verbal art – 
Rhetoric, which was the study of oratory and inspiring, aesthetic speech.
Rhetoric which flourished in ancient Greece during Aristotelian period was a subject 
of the art of discourse, wherein a writer or speaker strived to inform, persuade or motivate 
particular audiences in specific situations through embellished language. From Ancient 
Greece to the late 19th century, it was a central part of Western education, filling the need 
to train public speakers and writers to move audiences to action with arguments. The 
learners of rhetorical techniques were introduced not only with politics and logics, but also 
with designing a persuasive speech which requires the knowledge of verbal art and 
rhetorical devices. In his books “Rhetoric” and “Poetics” Aristotle worked out the 
fundamentals and canons of rhetoric, which contemporary domains connected with the art 
of discourse consider them as roots and basics.
1
Galperin I. Stylistics. Moscow: Higher school. – 1977.p. 9 
2
Wellek R. and Warren A. Theory of literature. New York: A Harvest book. 1956. – p. 178 
3
Кузнец М.Д., Скребнев Ю. М. Стилистика английского языка. Л., 1972.Стр. 5 

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While classical rhetoric trained speakers to be effective persuaders in public forums 
and institutions, contemporary rhetoric investigates human discourse which includes all 
spheres: the natural and social sciences, fine art, religion, journalism and etc. In present as 
an independent subject, stylistics is confined to the bridged study of literature and 
linguistics revealing and interpreting both the rhetorical devices and differentiating styles 
and sub-styles of the language.
For this reason the research of the text can be done from two spectra. Literary 
and linguistic spectrum.
T.A. Znamenskays in her manual “Stylistics of the English language”
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tried to 
differentiate types of stylistic research. According to the type of stylistic research it can be 
distinguished - literary stylistics and lingua-stylistics. They have some meeting points or 
links in that they have common objects of research. Consequently they have certain areas 
of cross-reference. Both study