O’zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy va O’rta Maxsus Ta’lim Vazirligi Samarqand Davlat Chet tillar Instituti Roman-German tillari fakulteti Ismoilova Ma’mura Mikromatnda o’rin holi va uning deyktik hodisalarini qiyosiy sintaksem tadqiqi

2.4. Lokativ translativ semaning ifodalanishi

Translativ lokativ semaning bir varianti bo’lib, gapda yadro bo’lmagan tobe komponent o’rnida kelib, gap qurilmasida subordinativ sintaktik

aloqa asosida ishtirok etadi.

YU.N. Milyoshen lokativ translativ sintaksemani aniqlashda translativ atamasi o’rnida "mediativ" atamasini qo’llaydi. Bu borada "mediativ" sintaktik-semantik belgi asosida lokativ instrumental hamda lokativ translativ sintaksemalar ifodalanadi. Lokativ translativ va lokativ instrumental sintaksemalarning o’zaro farqlash usullari haqida o’ylash muhim ahamiyatlidir [44]. Masalan: 1. Some 3000 miles of 6 and 8-in line were laid from Calcuta through Assam and Burma into southwest China (PP, 115); 2. ... oil can be moved to Europe and North by way of Cape of Good Hope from the US, of from South America (WS, 77). Misollarda through Assam and Burma, by way of Cape of Good Hope sintaktik birliklar to’g’ridan to’g’ri lokativ translativ sintaksemani ifodalaydi. (Misollar Sirulnikovaning ishidan olindi). Yana shu olimaning ishida Through the instrumentality of the police he was able to locate his relatives (WS, 538) gap tarkibidagi through the instrumentality - substansial mediativ sintaksema deb ataydi. Ammo bu birikma substansial instrumental sintaksema, chunki u birikmani by means of the instrumentality bilan almashtirish mumkin. Mediativ sintaksemani aniqlashda gapda kesim o’rnida hamda predloglar bilan birikib kelgan fe’l va otlarning leksik ma’nosiga (mavhum) qarash kerak.

Lokativ translativ sema T.T. Rustamovaning ta’kidlashicha " ... bu sintaksema faqat makonda ish-xarakatni ifodalovchi fe’llarga tobe bo’lib keladi. Lokativlik turli xil leksik-semantik guruhga ega bo’lgan fe’llarga subordinativ aloqa asosida bog’lanadi [58].

Undan tashqari ayrim gap qurilmasida by+s birikmasi kesim o’rnida kelgan fe’llarning (to stand - turmok, to walk - sayr kilmok) leksik ma’nolari ifodalanganda lokativ tranzitor sintaksemani ifodalaydi deb ta’kidlaydi.

Ammo, tranzitor atamasi unchalik mos kelmaydi, chunki u fe’llarning leksik ma’nosi, ya’ni o’timlilik va o’timsizliklar bilan aloqadordir. T.T. Rustamovaning keltirilgan misollarida lokativlikning ikki turi berilgan: Ne stood by the door —» He stood there. He walked by her boarding house —> He walked by there [58] Ammo, bizning fikrimizcha birinchi gapda by the door - lokativ adessiv sintaksemani ifodalasa, ikkinchi gapda esa by her boarding house - lokativ translativ sintaksemani ifodalaydi. Chunki, ikkinchi gapda by her boarding house sintaktik birliklarda by predlogini along bilan almashtirish mumkin. Ne walked by her boarding house —He walked along her boarding house. Ammo, birinchi gap bunday transformatsiyaga tushmaydi: He stood by the door / / » He stood along the door.

Differensial sintaktik-semantik belgilarda translativ ablativ, allativ belgilarga qarama-qarshi qo’yilib, translativlik asosan ish-xarakati bajariladigan ob’ektga ishora qiladi, u asosan aholi yashaydigan punktlar, makonni ifodalovchi otlar hamda forest - o’rmon, sea - dengiz, ocean - okean kabilar ingliz tili misolida along + S, through + S, via + S kabilar yordamida, o’zbek tilida S + orqali, S + bo’ylab, S + oralab kabilar yordamida ifodalanadi.

1. 
   She went along the crowded street (WSM, 100).
   
2. 
   He moved along the shore (STA, 16).
   
3. 
   Then I started through the station (EHFA, 112).
   
4. 
   We went off the road and on a path through the pine forest (EHFA, 207).
   

Ushbu gaplarda sintaktik birliklar along the crowded street, along the shore, through the station, through the pine forest elementlariga along, through saqlangan xolda transformatsiya interrogatsiyaga where? so’roq olmoshi yordamida aylantirish mumkin:

1. 
   She went along the crowded street —> where did she go along?
   
2. 
   He moved along the shore —» where did he move along?
   
3. 
   Then I started through the station —> where did he start through then
   
4. 
   We went off the road and on a path through the pine forest —> where did we go through?
   

Undan tashqari translativ semalarni ifodalovchi predlogli ot birikmalarni predloglar saqlangan holda joylarni ifodalagan otlarni adverbial elementlar bilan almashtirish mumkin.

1. 
   She went along the crowded street —> She went along there;
   
2. 
   He moved along the shore —> He moved along there;
   
3. 
   Then I started through the station —► Then I started through there;
   
4. 
   We went off the road and on a path through the pine forest —> We went off the road and on a path through there.
   

Undan tashqari lokativ translativ sema ingliz tilida round + S, across + S, over + S birikmalari orqali ham ifodalanadi: lokativlikni ifodalovchi elementlar bir sintaktik birlikdan ortiq bo’lib oxirgi manzilga borish yoki qolish uchun ish harakati yana bir lokativlikni ifodalovchi element doirasida ish harakatning kesishishini ifodalaydi. Masalan: We came to Imola via Turin (EHFA, 148).

Gapda to Imola elementida came gap kesimi o’rnida kelgan sintaktik birlikka yadro bo’lmagan tobe komponent o’rnida kelib, lokativ allativ semani ifodalab, subordinativ aloqa asosida birikib keladi. Via Turin sintaktik birlik lokativ semani ifodalash bilan translativlikni ifodalaydi. Shu borada qayd etish joizki, lokativ allativ semani ifodalab kelgan to Imola sintaktik birliklarni tushirib qoldirish transformatsiyasiga tushmaydi:

We came to Imola via Turin --- We came. via Turin. Lekin ushbu gapda lokativ translativ semani ifodalagan sintaktik birlikni via Turin, tushirib qoldirish transformatsiyasidan foydalanilsa ham gapning mazmuni saqlanadi.

We came to Imola via Turin —> We came to Imola .... Ammo lokativ translativ semani ifodalagan via Turin sintaktik birlikni tushirib qoldirish mumkin: We came from Imola via Turin —» We came from Imola ... Misolning taxdilidan ma’lum bulishicha lokativ translativ semani ifodalovchi sintaktik birliklar subordinativ aloqa asosida gap qurilmasida lokativ allativ yoki lokativ ablativ semalar bilan birga keladi. Ushbu gapda lokativ translativ semani ifodalovchi sintaktik birlikni fakultativ variant deyish mumkin. O’zbek tili nazariy va amaliy grammatikalarida lokativ translativ sintaksemalarni ifodalovchi sintaktik birliklarni "harakatning yo’nalish o’rnini bildiruvchi turlardan biridir" deb ta’kidlagan [26, 155].

O’zbek tili misolida lokativ translativ semalar quyidagicha ifodalanishi mumkin:

1. S + bo’ylab:

Yo’lchi ko’cha bo’ylab ketdi (PK,YUT, 327)

2. 
   S + dan:
   

Sherali kanaldan suzib o’tdi (ADK, 218)

2. 
   S + orasidan:
   

Ashirali daraxtlar orasidan yugurib ketdi (RBAD, 100)

2. 
   S + dan ichkari:
   

Ochiq derazadan ichkariga mo’raladim (TMO, 202)

2. 
   S + ni oralab:
   

Oyijonim paxtazorni oralab ketdi (TMM, 171)

2. 
   S + yonidan:
   

Bugun maktab yonidan o’tdim (PYUK,T, 176)

2. 
   S + ga + S + orkali:
   

Men Toshkentga Samarkand orqali ketaman (Saodat). O’zbek tilida ham lokativ translativ semalar otning turlicha kelishik shakllari yordamida, ya’ni, bosh, chiqish, tushim, jo’nalish kabilar asosida ifodalanib, lokativ translativ semalarni ifodalovchi sintaktik birliklar qayerga? qayerdan? qayerni oralab? kabi so’roqlariga javob beradi.

Ingliz tilida lokativ translativ semalarni ifodalovchi predlogli birikmalar o’zbek tiliga quyidagicha mos keladi: along + S —> S + buylab; over + S —► S + dan; through + S —> S + dan; round + S —> S + yonidan, atrofidan; to + S + via + S —> S + ga + S + orkali kabilardir.

Ingliz tilida lokativ translativ sema gap qurilmasida tobe komponent o’rnida kelib, subordinativ aloqa asosida quyidagi semalar bilan bog’lanadi.

1. 
   ob’ekt sema bilan:
   

Dr.Porhaet slip his hand across the table (WSM, 184)

2. 
   lokativ allativ sema bilan:
   

She tripped down the stairs and across the pavement to the cab (WSM, 130)

3. 
   aksional sema bilan:
   

Dr.Porhaet got up and walked across the room (WSM, 119)

3. 
   ekzistensial sema bilan:
   

Mists were over the river and clouds on the mountain (EHFA, 4)

3. 
   aksional deriktiv sema bilan:
   

Ne was offered round the town (JKJ, 12)

3. 
   lokativ adessiv sema bilan:
   

That man lay on the floor behind them (WSM, 80)

3. 
   temporal sema bilan:
   

You were to stand at night by the seashore (JKJ, 18)

3. 
   posessiv sema bilan:
   

The heralds went through the streets of the city (STA, 60)

3. 
   lokativ ablativ sema bilan:
   

All you that come from the countries along the Danubte (WSM, 73) o’zbek tili misolida ham lokativ translativ sema gap qurilmasida tobe komponent o’rnida kelib, subordinativ aloqa asosida quyidagi semalar bilan bog’lanishi mumkin:

1. 
   aksional sema bilan:
   

Ayol majnuntollar ostiga odimladi (OYOKD, 85)

2. 
   ekzistensial negativ sema bilan:
   

Suv boshida quloqchi yo’q bo’ldi (SHT, 132)

3. 
   lokativ allativ sema bilan:
   

Ariq yoqalab suv boshiga bordim (TMO, 142)

4. 
   aksional kontinuativ sema bilan:
   

Dalalarda yirtkich bo’rilar uvillab-uvillab daydib yurar edi (SHT, 165)

5. 
   stativ sema bilan:
   

Suv xovuzda sharbat bo’lib adok arikladi (ADK, 150)

Ingliz va o’zbek tillari gap qurilmasida lokativ translativ sema subordinativ aloqa asosida qanday sintaksemalar bog’lanish imkoniyatlarini ko’rib chikdik. Ingliz tili misolida lokativ translativ semalar ob’ekt, lokativ allativ, aksional, ekzistensional, aksional deriktiv, lokativ adessiv, temporal, posessiv, lokativ ablativ semalar bilan bog’lansa, o’zbek tilida esa aksional, ekzistensial negativ, lokativ allativ, aksional kontinuativ, stativ semalar bilan bog’lanadi. Ularni quyidagi jadvallar yordamida izoxlash mumkin:

O’zbek tilida
Jadval 4

Ingliz tilida

Mazkur semalarning izoxi quyidagicha:

LcTr - lokativ translativ;

LcAll - lokativ allativ;

As - aksional;

AcDr - aksional deriktiv;

LcAd - lokativ adessiv;

LcAbl - lokativ ablativ;

Ps - posessiv;

Tm - temporal;

Ob - ob’ekt;

Ex - ekzistensial;

ExNg - ekzistensial negativ;

AsSp - aksional kontinuativ;

St - stativ.

2 5 Lokativ ob’ekt semaning ifodalanishi

Mazkur bo’limning asosiy vazifasi lokativ semani ifodalovchi sintaktik birliklarni gap qurilmasida to’ldiruvchi o’rnida ishtirok etgan sintaktik birliklarni semalarga ajratib taxlil qilishdan iborat. Differentsial sintaktik-semantik belgilardan ob’ekt semani ayrim tilshunoslar so’z birikmalar satxida "boshqaruv" asosida taxlil qilishadi . Boshqalari esa fe’llarni leksik-semantik guru\hlarga ajratib, ularni ot bilan birikib kelishini ob’ekt birikmalar asosida taxlil qilishgan [19]. Ob’ekt semani aniqlashda T.T.Xolmatovaning ta’kidlashicha "...ob’ekt semalarni ifodalovchi birliklar fe’lning bir o’timliligiga yoki ikki o’timligiga bog’lik bo’lib, by predlogi bilan bog’lanib kelganda vositasiz ob’ekt bo’lishini quyidagi misol orqali ifodalanishi mumkin: She shook me by the shoulders (MB, 163)

Malenkov A.A. o’zining monografik ishida ob’ekt semalardan "substansial ob’ekt, ob’ekt aksional, ob’ekt aksional deriktiv, ob’ekt kvantitativ" kabi semalarni aniqlaydi Tikotskaya K.E. esa substansial semalar asosida "ob’ekt agentiv, stativ yuklatilgan ob’ekt, kvantativlik yuklatilgan ob’ekt, ikki karra ob’ekt, identifikatsiyalashgan ob’ekt" kabilarni aniqlagan [65, 17-18].

Akbulatova A.M. ham "possessiv ob’ekt" semani ifodalanish usullarini ko’rsatadi [7,13].

Suchkova JI.A. "ob’ekt indefinit, ob’ekt indefinit kvantitativ, ob’ekt indefinit kollektiv, ob’ekt indefinit agentiv" kabi semalarni aniqlaydi [65, 15-16].

Yuqorida keltirilgan ma’lumotlardan ma’lum bo’lishicha lokativ ob’ekt sema e’tibordan chetda qolganligi ko’rinib turibdi.

Ob’ekt semani aniqlashda, odatda, ob’ekt sema ifodalangan sintaktik

birlikli gaplar transformatsiya possivizatsiyaga aylantirish usuli bilan isbotlash mumkin. Bunday gaplarda kesim o’rnida kelgan sintaktik birlik o’timli fe’ldan iborat bo’lib, ob’ektda ifodalanadigan ish harakatni namoyon etadi.

She walked excitedly up and down the room (WSM, 137).

Demak, ob’ekt semani aniqlashda bu gap quyidagi transformatsiya passivizatsiyaga tushadi: She walked excitedly up and down the room —> The room was walked excitedly up and down by her. Bu gapda lokativ semani aniqlashda lokativlikni ifodalagan element the room ni adverbial elementlar here yoki there bilan almashtirish transformatsiyasidan foydalanish mumkin. She walked excitedly up and down the room —> She walked excitedly up and down here/there. Transformatsiyalarning natijalaridan ma’lum bulishicha sintaktik birlik the room lokativ ob’ekt semani ifodalashi yaqqol ko’zga tashlanadi.

Lokativ ob’ekt semani aniqlashda asosan leksik birliklar gap qurilmasida muhim ro’l o’ynaydi. Boshqacha qilib aytganda, gap qurilmasida lokativ ob’ekt sema harakatni ifodalovchi o’timli fe’llardan keyin subordinativ aloqa asosida ishtirok etadi.

Ingliz tili misolida quyidagi o’timli fe’llardan keyin lokativ ob’ekt semalarni ifodalovchi sintaktik birliklar kelishi mumkin: to capture, to seize, to fire, to fall (into), to attract, to drive, to ride, to go, to leave behind, to pass, to outstrop, to abondon, to come down, to descend, to choose, to elect, to stop, to cross, to mount a horse, to jump over, to walk, to go by, to miss, to cover, to run by, to make a hole, to precede, to give back, to return, to unite, to join, to fly over, to visit, to call on, to attend va boshqalar.

Quyidagi gaplarni kuramiz:

1. 
   Land Abdulla visited the palace (STA, 36).
   
2. 
   must get home (WSM, 132).
   
3. 
   marched the platform (MYST, 3
   
4. 
   We went up the backwater (ELVG, 130).
   
5. 
   They reached St.Albans (CDFS, 110).
   

Yuqorida keltirilgan gaplarda sintaktik birliklar the palace, home, the platform, the backwater, St. Albans substansial lokativ ob’ekt semalar hisoblanadi. Gap qurilmasida ishtirok etgan sintaktik birliklarni semalarga ajratib taxlil qilishda, ayniqsa lokativ ob’ekt semani aniqlashda transformatsiya passivizatsiya hamda lokativlikni ifodalovchi elementlarni almashtirish transformatsiyadan (here, there) va transformatsiya interrogatsiyadan keng foydalaniladi.

1. 
   Land Abdulla visited the palace —> the palace was visited by Land Abdulla —> Land Abdulla visited there/here —where did Land Abdulla visit?
   
2. 
   I must get home —* home must be got by me —> I must get here/there —> where must I get?
   
3. 
   I marched the platform —»the platform was marched by me —> I marched here/there —» where did I march?
   
4. 
   We went up the backwater —> The backwater was gone up by us —> we went up there —► where did we go up?
   
5. 
   They reached St. Albans —> St.Albans was reached by them —> they reached here/there —> where did they reach?
   

Ma’lumki transformatsiyaning barcha turlari, ya’ni ishimizda eksperiment metodi deb yuritilib, sintaktik qurilmalardagi barcha sintaktik birliklarning differentsial sintaktik-semantik belgilarini aniqlashda qo’l keladi. Ob’ekt semalarni ifodalovchi sintaktik birliklar gap qurilmasida turlicha sintaktik o’rinlarda kelishi mumkin, ya’ni yadro predekativ 1 (ega), yadro bo’lmagan tobe (ÑD) komponent o’rnida, yadro bo’lmagan tobe predikativ 1 (ÑDP]) komponenta, yadro bo’lmagan tobe appozitiv (ÑDA) komponenta, yadro bo’lmagan tobe uyushik komponenta (HÑD) kabilar o’rnida kelishi mumkin va ular ob’ekt semalarning har xil konnotativ variantlarini ifodalaydi. Ammo lokativ ob’ekt semalar gap qurilmasida dinamik fe’llarga subordinativ aloqa asosida bog’lanib, ular geografik nomlarni, ma’lum manzil va makonni ifodalovchi otlar bilan beriladi.

Lokativ semani ifodalaydigan barcha sintaktik birliklar ob’ekt semasi bo’lmagan sintaktik birlikli gaplar transformatsiya passivizatsiyaga tushavermaydi:

6. 
   The people on the bank would stand (JKJ, 128) /I » The bank would be stood on by the people.
   
7. 
   She sat on the stone bench (WSM, 156) 1I » The stone bench was sat on by her.
   
8. 
   We met in the shop (JKJ, 114) II » The shop was met in by us.
   

Ushbu misollarda berilgan on the bank, on the stone bench, in the shop sintaktik birliklar lokativ adessiv semani ifodalaganligi tufayli bu gaplar transformatsiya passivizatsiyaga tushmaydi (qarang 2.3.).

Demak, lokativ ob’ekt sema gap qurilmasida statik fe’llarga tobe komponent o’rnida kelmaydi.

O’zbek tili misolida lokativ ob’ekt semani ifodalovchi sintaktik birliklar taxlil qilinganda, ot asosan tushum kelishigining - ni qo’shimchasi yordamida ifodalanadi:

1. 
   Avtomatchilar oshxonani titdi (TMO, 222).
   
2. 
   Suv dalani qotirib tashlaydi (TMO, 82).
   
3. 
   CHuvalchang erni mayin saqlaydi (TMO, 76).
   
4. 
   Ko’rsichqon er ostini shamollatib turadi (TMO, 75).
   

O’zbek tili an’anaviy grammatikalarida oshxonani, dalani, yerni,yer ostini kabi sintaktik birliklarni vositasiz to’ldiruvchi deb tan olinadi [66].Ushbu nazariy sintaksisdan olingan misolni ko’raylik:"U Moskvani ko’rgan"gapida "Moskvani" vositasiz to’ldiruvchi qatoriga qo’shilgan, ammo bu gapni semalarga ajratib taxlil qilinganda "Moskvani" elementida nafaqat ob’ekt semani ifodalagan, balki lokativlikni ham ifodalagan. Buni isbotlash maqsadida eksperiment metodidan quyidagicha foydalanamiz:

1. 
   Ob’ekt semani isbotlashda bu gap quyidagicha transformatsiya passivizatsiyaga tushadi: U Moskvani ko’rgan —» Moskva u tomonidan ko’rilgan.
   
2. 
   "Moskvani" sintaktik birlik tarkibida lokativlik semani mavjudligi quyidagicha eksperiment metodlari yordamida aniqlanadi:
   

a) "Moskvani" elementini adverbial birliklar "bu erni", "u erni" bilan almashtirish mumkin: U Moskvani ko’rgan —» U u erni/bu erni ko’rgan.

b) Ushbu gapni "qayerni" so’roq olmoshi yordamida transformatsiya interrogatsiyaga aylantirish mumkin: U Moskvani ko’rgan —► U qaerni ko’rgan?

Shu borada qayd etish joizki, an’anaviy grammatikalarda ta’kidlangan barcha to’ldiruvchilarda lokativ ob’ekt sema ifodalanavermaydi. Bunda faqat joy, manzil, makon kabilarni ifodalovchi tushim kelishigida kelgan otlar gap qurilmasida kesim vazifasida kelgan dinamik fe’llar bilan bog’lanib kelgan otlargagina xosdir.

Shuning uchun ham yuqorida keltirilgan misollar uch xil transformatsiyaga tushishi mumkin:

1. 
   Avtomatchilar oshxonani titdi —> Oshxona avtomatchilar tomonidan titildi;
   

Avtomatchilar oshxonani titdi —» Avtomatchilar bu erni/u erni titdi; Avtomatchilar qaerni titdi?

2. 
   Suv dalani qotirib tashlaydi —► Dala suv tomonidan qotirib tashlanadi;
   

Suv bu erni/u erni qotirib tashlaydi —> Suv qaerni qotirib tashlaydi?

3. 
   Chuvalchang yerni mayin saqlaydi —♦ Er chuvalchang tomonidan mayin saqlanadi;
   

Chuvalchang u yerni/bu yerni mayin saqlaydi —» qayerni chuvalchang mayin saqlaydi?

4. 
   Ko’rsichkon yer ostini shamollatib turadi —> Er osti ko’rsichkon tomonidan shamollatib turiladi;
   

Ko’rsichkon u yerni/bu yerni shamollatib turadi—>Ko’rsichkon qayerni shamollatib turadi?

Lokativ ob’ekt semalar ingliz tilida otlarning predlogli va predlogsiz variantlari yordamida ifodalansa, o’zbek tilida otning tushum kelishigini ifodalovchi morfologik markeri - ni yoki usiz ham ifodalanishi mumkin.

Har ikkala tilda ham lokativ ob’ekt semalar subordinativ aloqa asosida protsessuallik bazasida aksional; aksional modal, aksional negativ, aksional modal negativ semalar bilan bog’lanadi.

Shu privordida aytish lozimki, lokativ ob’ekt semani ifodalovchi sintaktik birliklar o’zbek tili misolida possessivlik semani ham ifodalashi mumkinligi ko’zga tashlanadi.

Masalan:

1. 
   Men omborimni shamollatdim (TMO, 80).
   
2. 
   Men dalamni sug’ordim (TMO, 77).
   
3. 
   Dalalarimni yaxshilab xaydadim (TMO, 175).
   

Keltirilgan gaplarda omborimni, dalamni, dalalarimni sintaktik birliklar lokativ ob’ekt semalardan tashqari possessivlikni ham egalik qo'shimchalari -im, -m kabilar yordamida ifodalaydi.

Ushbu masalada Sh.S.Sederov o’zining monografik ishida lokativ possessiv semani otlarning qaratkich kelishigida kelgan birliklar asosida qisman e’tibor qaratgan. Masalan: qishloqning ba’zi xotinlari (PT, 147), Dorixonaning yoshgina mudirasi (S.A.,133) [88, 15]. Ingliz tili misolida ham qaratqich kelishigida kelgan joy nomlarini anglatuvchi otlar tarkibida uchraydi: the world's great writers (JL, 234), London's children (JH, 42).

2.6. Lokativ instrumental semaning ifodalanishi

Ingliz tili misolida instrumental semani o’rganishda qator ishlar mavjud.

Yu.N. Milyoshinning ta’kidlashicha "... instrumentallikni ifodalovchi birliklar asosan "predlog+ot" gapda o’timli yoki o’timsiz fe’llardan keyin kelib, tobe komponent o’rnida subordinativ aloqa asosida gap qurilmasida ishtirok etadi. Bunday birliklar tarkibida kelgan ot qurol - knife, a key va boshqalar, tana qismlari - hand, leg va hokazolar hamda otlashgan ish- harakatni ifodalovchi elementlar a smile, a behaviour, a look kabilar yordamida ish-harakatini bajarilishini anglatadi, a predlog esa yordamchi so’z vazifasini bajaradi" [46, 35].

T.T. Rustamova by predlogi bilan birikib kelgan otlarni gap qurilmasida sintaksemalarga ajratib tahlil qilganda They went out by the gate misolida faqat instrumentallik sintaksemani aniqlash bilan chegaralanadi, ya’ni instrumentallikni isbotlashda quyidagi qo’shimcha qilish transformatsiya yordamida aniqlash mumkin: They went out by the gate —> they went out by means of the gate, not by means of the window. Yoki They went out by the gate —» the^went out through the gate. Ammo, uning tarkibida lokativ sintaksemaning mavjudligi uning nazaridan chetda qoladi. Ushbu sintaksemaning by the gate tarkibida ifodalanganligini quyidagi transformatsiya almashtirish orqali isbotlash mumkin: They went out by the gate —> they went out of there/here [58],

Ayrim tilshunoslar instrumental sintaksemani mediativ sintaksema bilan aralashtirib qo’yadi. Mediativ sintaksemaning ifodalanishida, gap tarkibida kesim o’rnida learn, know, find kabi mavhum tushunchani ifodalovchi fe’llar kelsa, from + S, out of + S, through + S, ya’ni predloglar

bilan birikib kelgan otlar ham bilim olish, axborot kabi manbalarni ifodalasagina ushbu sintaksema namoyon bo’ladi: I knew about them out of books —I knew about them from books —» I knew about them through books. ammo, predloglarni instrumental sintaksemaga o’xshab with the help of, by means of kabilar bilan almashtirib bo’lmaydi.

N.E. Smirnova esa substansial instrumental semani gap qurilmasida with + S birikmasi asosida gapni tahlil qilib, with + S bazasida instrumentallikni isbotlaydi, ushbu birikmani with the help of + S, by means of + S larga almashtirish usuli bilan aniqlashni ko’rsatib o’tadi [63, 18].

Yu.N. Milyoshin o’zining bir maqolasida instrumental semalar, ya’ni instrumental tarz, instrumental aksional, instrumental kauzal semalar haqida to’xtalsada, lokativ instrumental sema haqida qisqacha under + S, in + S kabilar yordamida ifodalanishi mumkin [45, 90-91] deb ta’kidlaydi.

Umuman olganda, lokativ instrumental semalarning ifodalanish usullariga e’tibor qaratilganda gap qurilmasida kesim o’rnida kelgan fe’lning hamda nominativ leksemalarning leksik-semantik xususiyatlari tadqiqotchining diqqat markazida bo’lishi kerak. Fe’llar sub’ektning ob’ektga aniq ta’sirini, mavhum harakatni, makonning yoki manzilning aniq nuqtasiga yetishga yoki harakatning bajarilishiga yo’naltirilganligini ifodalaydi (jonli va jonsiz) hamda ular manzilda bir-biriga bo’lgan munosabatlarini bildiradi. Ayrim tilshunoslarning fikriga e’tibor berilganda lokal va instrumental munosabatlar ot bilan birikib kelgan predloglar ikki ma’noni, ya’ni makonni va instrumentallikni ifodalaydi [15]. Agarda bunday hollarda ikki semani ifodalovchi elementlarni bir-biridan ajratib qaralsa, ular o’rtasida uzilish paydo bo’ladi. Buni O.B. Voronkova va V.A. Yashmanovalarning ta’kidlashicha "... ularni bunday hollarda bir-biridan ajratib qarash bir tomonlama va ularni rivojlanishi, turlicha ifodalanish holatlari nazardan chetda qoladi, chunki makonni va instrumentallikni ifodalovchi predloglarni bir-biri bilan almashtirish yoki ularni makonni ifodalovchi ravishlar bilan almashtirish imkoniyatlari mavjud" [23, 60].

Haqiqatdan ham Two friends had arrived on the train (WSM, 174). Gapda on the train birikmasida ikki munosabat - makon va instrumentallikni xech qanday qiyinchiliksiz kuzatish mumkin. Har ikkala semani aniqlashda ular quyidagi transformatsiyalarga (tushirib qoldirish, qushimcha qilish va almashtirish) tushadi:

Two friends had arrived on the train —> Two friends had arrived here/there;

Two friends had arrived on the train —> Two friends had arrived by virtufof the train.

Ingliz tili misolida lokativ instrumental sema asosan transport vositalarini, tana qismlarini ifodalovchi otlarning har xil predloglar birikib kelishi hamda ish harakatning bajarilishida ham makonni ham vositani ifodalanishida namoyon bo’ladi: