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compartment – yo‘lovchilar bo‘linmasi, kupe
carriage – arava
buffet car – vagon-restoran
case – jamadon
luggage rack – yuk javoni
move off – jo‘namoq, qo‘zg‘almoq
ticket inspector – chipta tekshiruvchi
change trains – boshqa poyezdga chiqmoq
direct – to‘g‘ri
pull into – yetib kelmoq
get off – tushmoq
10.11. What is the word or expression for:
1. The place where you buy your ticket
2. The man who looks at the tickets on the train
3. The place
where you can buy drinks
4. Not early or late
10.12. Make up a dialogue “At a railway station”.
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U N I T E L E V E N
Grammar: 1.
I have done (present perfect). 2. Prepositions
since, for. 3. Conjunctions
whom,
whose,
what,
as soon as,
as,
that’s why,
therefore.
Text:
U.S. Government.
Conversational practice:
At the Airport.
I have done (present perfect)
Andrew ’s shoes are dirty.
He is cleaning his shoes.
He
has cleaned his shoes. (= his shoes are clean now)
The
present perfect is
have (has) +
past participle:
past participle
I
We
You
They
have (
’ve)
.
have not (
haven’t)
clean
ed
finish
ed
star
ted
studi
ed
regular
verbs
positive
and
negative
He
She
It
has (
’s)
has not (
hasn’t)
done
been
gone
irregular
verbs
past participle
Have
I
we
you
they
clean
ed?
finish
ed?
start
ed?
studi
ed?
regular
verbs
question
Has
he
she
it
done?
been?
gone?
irregular
verbs
We use the present perfect for
an action in the past with a result
now:
• I
’ve lost my passport. (= I can’t find my passport
now)
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• “Where is Klara?” “He
has gone out.”
• We
’ve bought a new car. (= we have a new car
now)
• Can I take this magazine?
Have you
finished with it?
• I can’t find my text–book. Somebody
has taken it.
just =
a short time ago
- Are your parents at home?
- Yes, they
’ve just arrived.
- Are you hungry?
- No, I
’ve just had dinner.
- Is Tom here?
- No, I’m afraid he
’s just gone. (= he
has just gone)
already = before a particular time; before expected
- What time are your parents coming?
- They
’ve already arrived. (before you expected)
- Do you have any problems with those exercises?
- No, I
’ve already finished them.
yet = until now
You can use
yet in
negative sentences and
questions.
Yet is usually
at
the end.
- Are your parents here?
- No, they
haven’t arrived yet.
-
Have your parents
arrived yet?
- No, not yet. I’m still waiting for them.
Have you ever ... ?
We use the
present perfect (
have been /
have had /
have played etc.)
when we talk about a time from the past until now.
• “
Have you
been to London?” (
in your life) “No, I
haven’t.”
• I
’ve been to Turkey but I
haven’t been to Greece.
• He
has committed many petty thefts but he
hasn’t been
imprisoned.
• “
Have you
seen this man before?” “Yes, I
have seen him once.”
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present perfect + ever (in questions) and
never:
• “
Has she
ever been to England?” “Yes, twice.” (
twice = two
times)
• “
Have you
ever driven a car?” “Yes, I often drive my father’s
car.”
• I
’ve never ridden a horse.
• My grandmother
has never traveled by air.
gone and
been
• Alisher
has gone to Moscow. (= he is in Moscow
now)
•
Batir
has been to London. (= he went to London but
now he is back)
How long have you . . . ?
-
How long has he
been in London?
- He has been in London
since Monday.
-
How long has Mark
lived in London?
- He
has lived there
for three years.
-
How long have you
known him?
- I
’ve known him
for a long time.
Prepositions since, for.
since +
a time in the past (to now)
since Monday since 1999 since 2.30 since I arrived
Use
since after the
present perfect (
have been /
have done etc.):
• John is at the crime scene. He has been there
since 9 o’clock.
• Mr. and Mrs.
Kelly have been married since 1987.
• It has been raining
since I arrived.
Compare:
• We lived in Glasgow
from 1990
to 2000.
We lived in Glasgow
until 2000.
• Now we live in Tashkent. We came to Tashkent
in 2000.
We have lived in Tashkent
since 1990. (= from 1990 until now)
We use
for (not
since) +
a period of time (
two days /
ten years etc.):
• John has been in hospital
for three days. (not ‘since three days’)
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for +
a period of time
for three days for ten years for two weeks for a long time
• The police detected the criminal
for two weeks.
• I’m going away
for a few days.
• This tree has been here
for two hundred years.
• They have been married
for ten years.
• He will stay here
for a week; then he will leave.
EXERCISES
11.6. Complete the sentences with a verb from the list
:
forget, see, tell, see,
break, read, go, bring.
1. It’s Neil’s birthday today and her father
has brought
a
camera for her.
2. I’m looking for our commander. ................ you .................him?
3. I’m sorry, I ................................ to buy the book that you need.
4. How many times ........... she ............ to the theatre this month?
5. Bob ......................... many interesting films this week.
6. ................................. seven good books this year.
7. Look! Somebody ................................. that window.
8. ‘Does your chief know that you are ill?’ ‘Yes, I ................. him.
11.7.
Write the negative responses.
Use the present perfect with
already,
yet,
just,
never.
1. You must do this exercise now.
I’ve done it already.
2. You were in Samarkand last month, weren’t you? (never) ........
3. Why didn’t you do your lessons? (already) ................................
4. You say Bill hasn’t returned your camera. (just) .......................
5. I saw you at the library this morning. (yet) ................................
6. I think you have translated all the text. (yet) ..............................
7. I know you haven’t had dinner today. (already) .........................
11.8. Put
in
for
or
since
.
1. Richard lived in Russia
for
eleven years.
2. Richard has lived in Uzbekistan
since
1995.
3. Richard has lived in Uzbekistan ...................... five years.
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4. Alice has lived in England ......................... thirteen years.
5. Alice has lived in England ............................ 1987.
6. Andrew worked at the CID ............................ five years.
7. Andrew has worked at a district court ................. three years.
8. Andrew has worked at a district court............................. 1997.
9. Gerry was a teacher .................... two years.
10. Gerry has been a driver ........................ 1998.
11. Gerry has been a driver ....................... two years.
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