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oxford guide to english grammar

female students, women doctors. Some words to do with family relationships are different

for male/female : husband/wife, father/mother, son/daughter, brother/sister, uncle/aunt. We

also normally make a difference between male/female with waiter/waitress and the other

examples with ess above. But some other words with ess are less usual and are now seen as

sexist. A manager can be male or female, so there is usually no need for the pair manager/

manageress.

b There is also a suffix man /m n/, which has a female equivalent woman, e.g. 'postman/



'postwoman. Also policeman, businessman, chairman, salesman, spokesman. Some of these

are now seen as sexist, especially in a business context, and we can say business executive,



chairperson/chair, salesperson/sales representative, spokesperson, although the suffix person

is still not accepted by everyone.

f Verb + ee:

4 Verbs


a Adjective + ize:

b Adjective + en:

5 Adjectives

a Noun + al:

b Noun + ic:

c Verb/Noun + ive:

d Noun + ful:

e Noun + less:

f Noun + ous:

g Noun + y:



employee, payee, interviewee

This suffix usually has a passive meaning. Compare er and ee.



The company is the biggest employer in the town. It has two

thousand employees/workers.

modernize, popularize, privatize, centralize, legalize

There are many such verbs formed from abstract adjectives.



shorten, widen, brighten, harden, loosen

These verbs are formed from concrete adjectives.



national, industrial, cultural, additional, original

heroic, artistic, photographic, energetic

active, effective, exclusive, informative, expensive

careful, hopeful, peaceful, beautiful, harmful

NOTE These adjectives end with a single l, but the adverbs have

two, e.g. carefully.

careless, hopeless, worthless, powerless

Less means 'without'. Painful and painless are opposites.

dangerous, luxurious, famous, courageous

salty, healthy, thirsty, wealthy, greedy



36 WORD-BUILDING PAGE 372

h Noun + ly: friendly, costly, cowardly, neighbourly, monthly

i Verb + able/ible: eatable, manageable, excusable, acceptable, comprehensible,

defensible

These mean that something 'can be done'.



This sweater is washable. (= It can be washed.)

But not all adjectives in able/ible have this meaning, e.g.



pleasurable (= giving pleasure), valuable (= worth a lot).

j Verb + ing: exciting, fascinating • 203

k Verb + ed: excited, fascinated • 203

6 Adverbs

We form many adverbs from an adjective + ly, e.g. quickly. • 207


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