30
And,
or,
but, so
etc
243 Summary
We can use a conjunction to link two main clauses together in a sentence.
Tom had no food, and he had to pay the rent.
We can use an adverb or a prepositional phrase to link the meaning of two main
clauses or two sentences.
Tom had no food, and he also had to pay the rent.
Tom had no food. He also had to pay the rent.
Tom had to buy some food. Besides that, there was the rent.
Words meaning 'and' • 244
and, too, as well (as), either, also, in addition (to), besides, furthermore, moreover,
both... and..., not only... but also...
Words meaning 'or' • 245
or, either ...or..., neither... nor...
Words meaning 'but' • 246
but, though, however, nevertheless, even so, all the same, although, even though,
in spite of, despite, whereas, while, on the other hand
Words meaning 'so' • 247
so, therefore, as a result (of), in consequence (of)
244 Words meaning 'and'
1 We can use and to link two clauses. • 239(1)
Gene Tunney was a boxer, and he lectured on Shakespeare.
The adverbs too and as well are more emphatic than and.
Gene Tunney was a boxer. He lectured on Shakespeare, too/as well.
These adverbs usually come in end position.
The negative is either.
I haven't got a car, and I haven't got a bike either.
NOT I haven't got a bike too/as well.
Also usually goes in mid position.
Gene Tunney was a boxer, and he also lectured on Shakespeare.
30 AND, OR, BUT, SO ETC PAGE 324
We can use these forms to make an additional point, for example when developing
an argument.
I've got all my usual work, and in addition I've got to write a report.
The material is very strong. Besides, it is cheap to produce.
It's raining quite hard. What's more, I have no umbrella.
Further(more) and moreover are a little formal.
The country had suffered greatly during the war. Furthermore/Moreover, it had
no money.
These matters are giving cause for concern. Further, I must draw your attention to
a recent press report.
And then and on top of that are informal.
I'm too busy to travel all that way. And then there's the expense.
We've got workmen in the house. On top of that, my sister is staying with us.
NOTE
Plus as a conjunction is informal.
I've got all my usual work, plus I've got to write a report.
We can use the prepositions as well as, in addition to and besides with a noun or
gerund.
Gene Tunney was a university lecturer as well as a boxer.
In addition to doing all my usual work, I've got to write a report.
We can also use along with and together with before a noun.
I've got my sister to look after along with the workmen.
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