OVERVIEW: quantifiers • 182
NOTE
For numbers, • 191.
For quantifiers expressing a comparison, e.g. more, most, fewer, less, • 220.
PAGE 219
21 QUANTIFIERS PAGE 220
177 Large and small quantities
1 A lot of/lots of, many and much
a These express a large quantity. We use a lot of and lots of with plural and
uncountable nouns. But many goes only before plural nouns and much before
uncountable nouns.
Plural: A lot of people/Lots of people work in London.
There aren't many trains on a Sunday.
Uncountable: You'll have a lot of fun/lots of fun at our Holiday Centre.
There isn't much traffic on a Sunday.
b As a general rule, we use a lot of/lots of in positive statements and many or much
in negatives and questions. But, • (1c).
Positive: There are a lot of tourists here.
Negative: There aren't many tourists here.
Question: Are there many tourists here?
How many tourists come here?
We also use many or much (but not a lot of) after very, so, too, as and how.
Very many crimes go unreported.
There were so many people we couldn't get in.
There's too much concrete here and not enough grass.
How much support is there for the idea?
NOTE
a Lots of is more informal than a lot of.
b We can use quite and rather before a lot of but not before many or much.
There are quite a lot of tourists here.
c A great many is rather formal.
A great many crimes go unreported.
c A lot of is rather more informal than much/many. In informal English we can use a
lot of in negatives and questions as well as in positive statements.
There aren't a lot of tourists/many tourists here.
Is there a lot of support/much support for the idea?
And in more formal English we can use many and much in positive statements as
well as in negatives and questions.
Many tourists come here year after year.
2 (A) few, (a) little and a bit of
a A few and a little mean a small quantity. We use them mainly in positive
statements. A few goes only before plural nouns and a little before uncountable
nouns.
Plural: Yes, there are a few night clubs in the city.
Uncountable: I've still got a little money/a bit of money, fortunately.
A bit of means the same as a little, but a bit of is more informal.
NOTE
a We can use quite before a few and a bit of.
There are quite a few night clubs in the city.
This means a fairly large quantity, similar to quite a lot of night clubs.
b Only gives the phrase a negative meaning.
There are only a few night clubs in the city.
This means a smaller quantity than we might expect.
c Little can also be an adjective, e.g. I know a little/a small night club.
b We can also use few and little without a. The meaning is negative. Compare
these sentences.
Is this a holiday place? ~ Yes, there are a few tourists here.
(a few tourists = some tourists, a small number)
Is this a holiday place? ~ No, there are few tourists/not many tourists here.
It was three in the morning, but there was a little traffic.
(a little traffic - some traffic, a small amount)
It was three in the morning, so there was little traffic/not much traffic.
In informal speech not many/not much is more usual than few/little.
NOTE
a We can use very before few/little.
There are very few tourists/hardly any tourists here.
b We can use a subject with not many/not much.
Not many tourists come here.
3 Special patterns with many and few
a Many and few can come after the, these/those or a possessive.
The few hotels in the area are always full.
Can you eat up these few peas?
Tim introduced us to one of his many girl-friends.
b Look at this pattern with many a.
Many a ship has come to grief off the coast here.
I've driven along this road many a time.
This is rather literary. In informal speech many times or lots of times would be
more usual.
c Many or few can be a complement.
The disadvantages of the scheme are many.
This is rather literary. Many before the noun is more normal.
The scheme has many disadvantages/a lot of disadvantages.
4 Other expressions for large/small quantities
a Large quantities
A large number of people couldn't get tickets.
A dishwasher uses a great deal of electricity.
It uses a large/huge/tremendous amount of electricity.
Numerous difficulties were put in my way.
We've got masses of time/heaps of time/loads of time. (informal)
b Small quantities
Several people/A handful of people got left behind.
A computer uses only a small/tiny amount of electricity.
PAGE 221
177 Large and small quantities
21 QUANTIFIERS
PAGE 222
178 Whole and part quantities: all, most, both etc
PACKAGE STEREO SYSTEMS
Package systems are generally advertised on the strength of their features; a
separates system may not have many of these. You may find some of them useful,
but others are gimmicks...
Most package systems have two cassette decks. Both decks play tapes, but only one
can record. All the systems we tested can copy a tape from one deck to the other in
about half the normal playing time.
(from the magazine Which?.)
1 Patterns
a Quantifier + noun
every system both decks most music
NOTE
These are the possible combinations.
Singular Plural Uncountable
all: all systems all music
most: most systems most music
both: both systems
either: either system
neither: neither system
every: every system
each: each system
some: (some system) some systems some music
any: any system any systems any music
no: no system no systems no music
For some, any and no, • 179.
For some + singular noun, • 179(5}.
b Quantifier + determiner + noun
all the systems both these decks half my tapes
We can use all, both and half
c Quantifier + of+ determiner + noun
all of the systems both of these decks most of my tapes
We can use many quantifiers: all, both, most, half none, both, either, neither,
each, any, some, many, much, more and one, two, three etc. But exceptions are
every and no.
d Quantifier + of+ pronoun
all of them both of these
We can use the same words as in Pattern c.
e Quantifier + one
each one either one
We can use either, neither, every, each and any. The of-pattern can come after one.
each one of the systems either one of them
PAGE 223 178 Whole and part quantities
f Quantifier without a noun • 181
Most have two decks.
We can use all quantifiers except every and no.
g Object pronoun + quantifier
I've heard it all before. We tested them both.
We can use all and both in this pattern.
h Quantifier in mid position
We all agreed. They were both tested.
We can use all, both and each in mid position, like an adverb.
2 All, most, half and none
a We can use all/most + noun to make a generalization.
All rabbits love green food.
Most package systems have two cassette decks.
Most pollution could be avoided.
These are about rabbits, package systems and pollution in general.
Compare these sentences.
Most people want a quiet life. Most of the people here are strangers to me.
(people = people in general) (the people = a specific group of people)
NOTE
a For Rabbits love green food, • 162.
b As well as most, we can also use majority of and mo re than ha/ f
The majority of package systems have two cassette decks.
More than half the pollution in the world could, be avoided.
The opposite is minority of or less than half.
A minority of systems have only one deck.
b When we are talking about something more specific, we use all/most/half/none + of
+ determiner + noun.
All (of) our rabbits died from some disease.
Most of the pubs around here serve food. NOT the most of the pubs
Copying takes half (of) the normal playing time.
None of these jackets fit me any more.
We can leave out of after all and half. But when there is a pronoun, we always use of.
We had some rabbits, but all of them died.
I read the book, but I couldn't understand half of it.
NOTE
a We can use half a/an to express quantity.
We waited half an hour. I could only eat half a slice of toast.
b We can use a number after all, e.g. all fifty systems.
c We can use all after an object pronoun.
The rabbits died. We lost them all/all of them.
It can also come in mid position or after the subject.
The systems can all copy a tape from one deck to the other.
The rabbits all died.
Who went to the disco? ~ We all did.
21 QUANTIFIERS
We cannot use most in this position, but we can use the adverb mostly.
Package systems mostly/usually have two cassette decks.
d None has a negative meaning. We use it with the of-pattern.
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