On theoretical aspects of english language

Open and closed syllables 

Open syllable: Kate [keit], Pete [pi:t], note [nout], site [sait], cute [kyu:t].

Closed syllable: cat [kæt], pet [pet], not [not], sit [sit], cut (the neutral sound [ə]).

 

Vowels and vowel combinations

The vowels A, E, I, O, U, Y alone, in combination with one another or with R, W represent different vowel sounds. The chart below lists the vowel sounds according to the American variant of pronunciation.

 

Sounds	Letters	Examples	Notes
[i:]	e, ee ea ie, ei	be, eve, see, meet, sleep, meal, read, leave, sea, team, field, believe, receive	been [i]; bread, deaf [e]; great, break [ei]; friend [e]
[i]	i y	it, kiss, tip, pick, dinner, system, busy, pity, sunny	machine, ski, liter, pizza [i:]
[e]	e ea	let, tell, press, send, end, bread, dead, weather, leather	meter [i:] sea, mean [i:]
[ei]	a ai, ay ei, ey ea	late, make, race, able, stable, aim, wait, play, say, day, eight, weight, they, hey, break, great, steak	said, says [e]; height, eye [ai]
[æ]	a	cat, apple, land, travel, mad; AmE: last, class, dance, castle, half
[a:]	ar a	army, car, party, garden, park, father, calm, palm, drama; BrE: last, class, dance, castle, half	war, warm [o:]
[ai]	i, ie y, uy	ice, find, smile, tie, lie, die, my, style, apply, buy, guy
[au]	ou ow	out, about, house, mouse, now, brown, cow, owl, powder	group, soup [u:] know, own [ou]
[o]	o	not, rock, model, bottle, copy
[o:]	or o aw, au ought al, wa-	more, order, cord, port, long, gone, cost, coffee, law, saw, pause, because, bought, thought, caught, hall, always, water, war, want	work, word [ər]
[oi]	oi, oy	oil, voice, noise, boy, toy
[ou]	o oa, ow	go, note, open, old, most, road, boat, low, own, bowl	do, move [u:] how, owl [au]
[yu:]	u ew eu ue, ui	use, duty, music, cute, huge, tune, few, dew, mew, new, euphemism, feud, neutral, hue, cue, due, sue, suit
[u:]	u o, oo ew ue, ui ou	rude, Lucy, June, do, move, room, tool, crew, chew, flew, jewel, blue, true, fruit, juice, group, through, route; AmE: duty, new, sue, student	guide, quite [ai]; build [i]
[u]	oo u ou	look, book, foot, good, put, push, pull, full, sugar, would, could, should
neutral sound [ə]	u, o ou a, e o, i	gun, cut, son, money, love, tough, enough, rough, about, brutal, taken, violent, memory, reason, family	Also: stressed, [ʌ]; unstressed, [ə].
[ər]	er, ur, ir or, ar ear	serve, herb, burn, hurt, girl, sir, work, word, doctor, dollar, heard, earn, earnest, earth	heart, hearth [a:]

 

Note 1: The letter Y

The letter Y can function as a vowel or as a consonant. As a vowel, Y has the vowel sounds [i], [ai]. As a consonant, Y has the consonant sound [y] (i.e., a semivowel sound), usually at the beginning of the word and only in the syllable before a vowel.

[i]: any, city, carry, funny, mystery, synonym;

[ai]: my, cry, rely, signify, nylon, type;

[y]: yard, year, yes, yet, yield, you.

 

Note 2: Diphthongs

A diphthong is one indivisible vowel sound that consists of two parts. The first part is the main strong component (the nucleus); the second part is short and weak (the glide). A diphthong is always stressed on its first component: [au], [ou]. A diphthong forms one syllable. American linguists usually list five diphthongs: [ei], [ai], [au], [oi], [ou].

 

Note 3: The sound [o]

The sound [o] is short in British English. In the same words in American English, the sound [o] is a long sound colored as [a:]. This sound is often listed as [a:] in American materials for ESL students. In some words, there are two variants of pronunciation in AmE: [o:] or [o].

[o]: lot, rock, rob, bother, bottle, college, comment, document, modern, popular, respond, John, Tom;

[o:] or [o]: gone, coffee, office, borrow, orange, sorry, loss, lost, want, wash, water.

 

Note 4: The neutral sound

Transcription symbols for the neutral sound are [ʌ] (caret) in stressed syllables (fun, son) and [ə] (schwa) in unstressed syllables (about, lesson). In American ESL materials, the neutral sound is often shown as [ə] (schwa) in both stressed and unstressed syllables. Sound language is the smallest unit of sound content. It is because we distinguish sounds from word and grammatical forms. Each sound has its own graphical representation of the phonetic transcription system, which is thought about the letter in square brackets []. Copying in English helps us understand how to read a particular sound in English. Thanks to him, we too can find any unfamiliar words. Therefore, do not organize transcription studies, in any case, it is very easy for you to imagine life in the future. And to learn its pronunciation, you don’t have to write the letters of the native language from an English phrase. This is a tactic that only hurts and allows you to move forward in developing the correct sound of the English word. the number of words and the rapid sound of this letter The number of letters in English can vary significantly. The textbook word daughter consists of 8 letters with only 4 sounds [‘d: te]. And it’s always in English! So you have to be careful with respect to you and why you write. In order to correct the phonetic sounds of the English language, it will be necessary to briefly study the structure of our word organs and their functional properties. Then, in the interpretation of a particular sound, it is easy to understand what is being said in English or that sound. We have 24 letters in 20 consonants. Vowels in English are those with a pronunciation that is a response to the flow of air in its path-like barriers. And only when we overcome this barrier, and in the presence of popular noise.

English is taught according to all sounds, in their own classes. Vowel sounds in English can be divided according to the state of the language: what part of the language is raised to the sky (front, middle, mixed and back row vowel letters), what is the degree of restoration of any part of the tongue (consonants, deep, wide-eared range) ) Language moved forward or backward (high, medium and low-rise consonants). The second classification is the division into consonants depending on the state of praise: it is pronounced with round lips or not, labialized and consonants. Do not forget about the brevity and length of the English consonant. It is monophthongs, diphthongs, diphtongoidy, reminiscent of a stable pronunciation value.

If we talk about consonant sounds in English, we will mention three ways to classify them. First, barriers form a way that gives us an occlusive space, affricates and vibrates sounds. According to Seconds, for active body and space barriers to learning, let us have consonant sounds that are pronounced with the back of the palate, apical, pronounced with the back of the palate, formed in the presence of the English lip, lips and teeth. And, of course, language and voiceless if you pay attention to part of the vocal cords during pronunciation.

As you can see, phonetics is a science, so it's not easy. But to understand it, you all understand the processes that need to be followed when pronouncing a certain sound in English. And, then, you will be able to get the right voice and authority, and that is our goal.

Watch the length of the voices! In English, you cannot change the sound to Russian at will. For example, in Russian, you could say, "Drink - or stretch hard, - pee-it." In English, the meaning of a word can change from this. For example: "bin" (bin) bunker, "bean" (bi-i-n) bean.

Also, pay attention to consonantal pronouns: a melodious voice should always make a sound, and the deaf, that is. Only in Russian can the word “cold” be pronounced as “cold” and the meaning of the word does not change. In English, you can't do this: "led" (ice) - led, and "let" (years) - allowed; "Bad" (bad) - bad, "bat" (bet) - bat; "Ned" ( ned ) - cattle / bully, "net" (net) - network.

When it comes to depression, English words, then it can fall into any syllable, but the more stressed syllable is the first syllable of that word.

If you want to combine the material you have learned, use your verbal ability, or show others your right to English pronunciation, it is best to do this in conversation clubs. The English at Movies offers a wide selection of English courses for the youngest (from the age of three) and adults.
In ancient times, the runic symbols such as "throne" - "thorn", "wynn" - "wynn", "et" - "et", "ethel" - "ethel" or "like" were used in English. eng "-" eng. "Then the question arises - how many letters were there in the English alphabet in ancient times, if there are others besides what we know today? There were 23 letters of the alphabet in Old English. Over time, English, every other how, has undergone drastic changes, and the modern generation probably does not understand the meaning of the word "feohtan" (struggle). In the past, very modern-looking letters could have sounded completely different in the past, and let us say one could be transmitted by voice (unlike our current voices).


In this case, consonant sounds are divided into voiceless sounds (deaf sounds) and voiced sounds (voiced sounds). Depending on how we use our speech apparatus (i.e., the position of the tongue in the mouth, etc.), sounds are divided into commission / explosive, nasal, cleft / occlusion-cleft, labia-labial / labia-dental, dental /... All subdivisions of these sounds are very large, separate topics that linguists need to know in detail. For the average who wants to read correctly, to pronounce English words, you first need to know how to read certain letters in some cases. In addition, you do not have to know the detailed classification of sounds. We tried to combine the rules of reading English vowels and consonants in a single table. We hope this is helpful to you. First, let us clarify some concepts: Closed syllable - a syllable ending in a consonant (met, tent, bad, hat, etc.). An open syllable is a syllable ending in a vowel (be, he, haq, etc.). Open joints also include joints ending with the letter “e” (pit, hate, lake). In an open syllable, the letter usually has a long sound, i.e. In this alphabet, the sound present in the closed syllable of the letter is a short sound.

Used literature

1.www.google.com

2.www.ziyouz.com

3.Complex of ``Phonetics of English``