Olmaga teging, uni ipakdek silliq his qilasiz

Yovvoyi gul chiroyiga qarab hayot bir soatdek qisqaligini, lek qum zarralarini kaftingizga olib dunyo abadiyligini bilishingiz mumkin... Deb yozgan edi. Wiliam Black. Aybsizlik avjlari.
KIRISH
Bizning ajoyib dunyomiz. Ranglar! Kurtaklarning eng chiroylisi - mening bog'imdagi olma kurtagi rangini o'zgartiradi
bir necha kundan keyin qizildan pushti ranggacha. Nima uchun? Keyin u chiroyli xira pushti rangga aylanadi
gul. Bir necha oydan keyin bir marta gul bo'lgan narsa butunlay boshqacha ko'rinadi: u
katta, yumaloq va qizil olmaga aylandi. Olma terisiga qarang. U och yashil rangda,
ammo uning yuzasi bo'ylab harakatlanish juda keskin o'zgarib, g'ayrioddiy bo'lib qoladi
jonli qizil. Olma to'liq quyosh nuri tushganda yoki qo'yilganda umuman boshqacha ko'rinadi
soyada.
Olmaga teging, uni ipakdek silliq his qilasiz.
Qanday hidlanadi! Nozik hidlarning ekzotik aralashmasi.
Qanday lazzat: hayoliy suvli pulpa!
Tovushlar. . . finning ajabtovur kuyi ajoyib muntazamlik bilan takrorlanadi.
Do'stim Jan-Mari Andrening aytishicha, bu erda Belgiyada bo'lgani kabi. Xuddi shu?
Finchesni Belgiyada xuddi shunday ovoz chiqarishga majburlaydigan biron bir dastur bormi?
Polshada? Bir daraxtzor avtomatning muntazamligi bilan daraxtga uriladi, mening
Kampinos o'rmoni yangraydi. Daraxtaroq ham dasturlashtirilganmi?
Qarag'ay jufti qaysi dasturni ishlatishga majbur qiladi, uni tayyorlashga majbur qiladi
ulkan kuch va zukkolik, kelajakdagi voqealar uchun zarur bo'lgan uya?

Xayitboyeva Munisa, [23.02.21 17:30]

What we do know
Our senses connect us to what we call the Universe. Using them we feel its pres-
ence, while at the same time we are a part of it. Sensory operations are the direct
result of interactions, both between molecules and between light and matter. All
of these phenomena deal with chemistry, physics, biology and even psychology.
In these complex events it is impossible to discern precisely where the disciplines
of chemistry, physics, biology, and psychology begin and end. Any separation of
these domains is artificial. The only reason for making such separations is to focus

Tarjimon | Bot, [23.02.21 17:30]

Biz nimani bilamiz
Bizning hissiyotlarimiz bizni Koinot deb atagan narsaga bog'laydi. Ulardan foydalangan holda, biz uning printsipini
ence, shu bilan birga biz uning bir qismimiz. Sensorli operatsiyalar to'g'ridan-to'g'ri
molekulalar o'rtasida ham, yorug'lik va moddalar o'rtasidagi o'zaro ta'sirlarning natijasi. Hammasi
bu hodisalar kimyo, fizika, biologiya va hattoki psixologiya bilan bog'liq.
Ushbu murakkab voqealarda qayerda fanlarni aniq ajratib bo'lmaydi
kimyo, fizika, biologiya va psixologiya fanlari boshlanadi va tugaydi. Ning har qanday ajratilishi
bu domenlar sun'iy. Bunday ajralishlarning yagona sababi diqqatni jamlashdir

Xayitboyeva Munisa, [23.02.21 17:33]

our attention on some aspects of one indivisible phenomenon. Touch, taste, smell,
sight, hearing, are these our only links and information channels to the Universe?
How little we know about it! To feel that, just look up at the sky. A myriad of stars
around us points to new worlds, which will remain unknown forever. On the other
hand, imagine how incredibly complicated the chemistry of friendship is.
We try to understand what is around us by constructing in our minds pictures
representing a “reality”, which we call models. Any model relies on our perception
of reality (on the appropriate scale of masses and time) emanating from our expe-
rience, and on the other hand, on our ability to abstract by creating ideal beings.
Many such models will be described in this book.
It is fascinating that man is able to magnify the realm of his senses by using so-
phisticated tools, e.g., to see quarks sitting in a proton,1 to discover an amazingly
simple equation of motion2 that describes both cosmic catastrophes, with an inten-
sity beyond our imagination, as well as the flight of a butterfly. A water molecule
has exactly the same properties in the Pacific as on Mars, or in another galaxy. The
conditions over there may sometimes be quite different from those we have here
in our laboratory, but we assume that if these conditions could be imposed on the
lab, the molecule would behave in exactly the same way. We hold out hope that a
set of universal physical laws applies to the entire Universe.
The set of these basic laws is not yet complete or unified. Given the progress and
important generalizations of physics in the twentieth century, much is currently un-
derstood. For example, forces with seemingly disparate sources have been reduced
to only three kinds:
• those attributed to strong interactions (acting in nuclear matter),
• those attributed to electroweak interactions (the domain of chemistry, biology, as
well as β-decay),
• those attributed to gravitational interaction (showing up mainly in astrophysics).
Many scientists believe other reductions are possible, perhaps up to a single
fundamental interaction, one that explains Everything (quoting Feynman: the frogs
as well as the composers). This assertion is based on the conviction, supported by
developments in modern physics, that the laws of nature are not only universal, but
simple.
Which of the three basic interactions is the most important? This is an ill con-
ceived question. The answer depends on the external conditions imposed (pres-
sure, temperature) and the magnitude of the energy exchanged amongst the in-
teracting objects. A measure of the energy exchanged3 may be taken to be the
percentage of the accompanying mass deficiency according to Einstein’s relation
E = mc2. At a given magnitude of exchanged energies some particles are stable.

Tarjimon | Bot, [23.02.21 17:33]

bo'linmas hodisaning ba'zi jihatlariga e'tiborimiz. Sensor, ta'm, hid,
ko'rish, eshitish, bu bizning koinotga aloqador yagona ma'lumot kanallarimizmi?
Biz bu haqda qanchalik kam ma'lumotga egamiz! Buni his qilish uchun faqat osmonga qarang. Son-sanoqsiz yulduzlar
atrofimiz abadiy noma'lum bo'lib qoladigan yangi olamlarga ishora qiladi. Boshqa tomondan
qo'l, do'stlik kimyosi nihoyatda murakkabligini tasavvur qiling.
Biz ongimizga rasmlar qurish orqali atrofimizdagi narsalarni tushunishga harakat qilamiz
biz modellar deb ataydigan "haqiqat" ni ifodalaydi. Har qanday model bizning idrokimizga tayanadi
bizning ekspluatatsiyamizdan kelib chiqadigan haqiqat (tegishli massa va vaqtning o'lchovida)
ruhiyat, ikkinchidan, ideal mavjudotlarni yaratish orqali abstrakt qilish qobiliyatimiz.
Ko'pgina bunday modellar ushbu kitobda tasvirlangan.
Shunday qilib, inson o'z hissiyot doirasini kattalashtirishi juda jozibali.
zamonaviy vositalar, masalan, protonda o'tirgan kvarklarni ko'rish, 1 hayratlanarli narsalarni kashf etish
ikkala kosmik falokatni tavsiflovchi oddiy harakat tenglamasi2
bizning xayolimizdan tashqaridagi xushomadgo'ylik, shuningdek, kapalakning uchishi. Suv molekulasi
Tinch okeanida Marsdagi yoki boshqa galaktikadagi kabi xususiyatlarga ega. The
u erdagi sharoitlar ba'zida biznikidan farq qilishi mumkin
bizning laboratoriyamizda, ammo agar biz ushbu shartlarni qo'yishimiz mumkin bo'lsa
laboratoriya, molekula xuddi shu tarzda o'zini tutishi kerak edi. Biz umid qilamizki, a
universal fizik qonunlar to'plami butun Koinotga taalluqlidir.
Ushbu asosiy qonunlarning to'plami hali to'liq yoki birlashtirilmagan. Taraqqiyotni hisobga olgan holda va
yigirmanchi asrda fizikaning muhim umumlashmalari, hozirgi paytda ko'p narsa
angladilar. Masalan, turli xil ko'rinadigan manbalarga ega kuchlar qisqartirildi
faqat uchta turga:
• kuchli o'zaro ta'sirga bog'liq bo'lganlar (yadro moddalarida ta'sir qiluvchi),
• elektrokimyoviy o'zaro ta'sirga bog'liq bo'lganlar (kimyo, biologiya sohasi kabi)
shuningdek, b-parchalanish),
• tortishish ta'siriga bog'liq bo'lganlar (asosan astrofizikada namoyon bo'ladi).
Ko'pgina olimlarning fikriga ko'ra, boshqa qisqartirishlar mumkin, ehtimol bittagacha
Hamma narsani tushuntirib beradigan asosiy o'zaro ta'sir (Feynmanning so'zlari: qurbaqalar)
shuningdek, bastakorlar). Ushbu tasdiqlash sud tomonidan tasdiqlangan sud hukmiga asoslanadi
zamonaviy fizikadagi o'zgarishlar, tabiat qonunlari nafaqat universal, balki
oddiy.
Uchta asosiy o'zaro ta'sirlardan qaysi biri eng muhimi? Bu yomon ahvol
to'xtatilgan savol. Javob qo'yilgan tashqi sharoitga bog'liq (oldindan
aniq, harorat) va almashinadigan energiya kattaligi
zararli narsalar. Bunda almashinadigan energiyaning o'lchovi3 deb qabul qilinishi mumkin
Eynshteyn munosabati bilan birga keladigan massa etishmasligining foizlari
E = mc2. Berilgan energiyaning ma'lum bir kattaligida ba'zi zarralar barqaror bo'ladi.

Xayitboyeva Munisa, [23.02.21 17:34]

Strong interactions produce the huge pressures that accompany the gravitational
collapse of a star and lead to the formation of neutron stars, where the mass de-
ficiency approaches 40%. At smaller pressures, where individual nuclei may exist
and undergo nuclear reactions (strong interactions4), the mass deficiency is of the
order of 1%. At much smaller pressures the electroweak forces dominate, nuclei
are stable, atomic and molecular structures emerge. Life (as we know it) becomes
possible. The energies exchanged are much smaller and correspond to a mass de-
ficiency of the order of only about 10−7%. The weakest of the basic forces is gravi-
tation. Paradoxically, this force is the most important on the macro scale (galaxies,
stars, planets, etc.). There are two reasons for this. Gravitational interactions share
with electric interactions the longest range known (both decay as 1/r). However,
unlike electric interactions5 those due to gravitation are not shielded. For this rea-
son the Earth and Moon attract each other by a huge gravitational force6 while
their electric interaction is negligible. This is how David conquers Goliath, since at
any distance electrons and protons attract each other by electrostatic forces, about
40 orders of magnitude stronger than their gravitational attraction.
Gravitation does not have any measurable influence on the collisions of mole-
cules leading to chemical reactions, since reactions are due to much stronger elec-
tric interactions.7

Tarjimon | Bot, [23.02.21 17:34]

Kuchli o'zaro ta'sirlar tortishish kuchiga hamroh bo'ladigan ulkan bosimlarni keltirib chiqaradi
yulduzning qulashi va neytron yulduzlarining paydo bo'lishiga olib keladi, bu erda massa
etishmovchilik 40% ga yaqinlashadi. Ayrim yadrolar mavjud bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan kichik bosimlarda
va yadro reaksiyalariga (kuchli o'zaro ta'sir4) kirishadi, massa etishmasligi
buyurtma 1%. Juda kichik bosimlarda elektroweak kuchlari ustunlik qiladi, yadrolar
barqaror, atom va molekulyar tuzilmalar paydo bo'ladi. Hayot (biz bilganimizdek) bo'ladi
mumkin. Almashinadigan energiya ancha kichik va massa de-ga to'g'ri keladi.
buyurtmaning etarliligi atigi 10−7%. Asosiy kuchlarning eng kuchsizligi gravi-
tation. Paradoksal ravishda, bu kuch so'l miqyosida eng muhim hisoblanadi (galaktikalar,
yulduzlar, sayyoralar va boshqalar). Buning ikkita sababi bor. Gravitatsiyaviy o'zaro ta'sirlar
elektr shovqinlari bilan ma'lum bo'lgan eng uzun diapazon (ikkalasi ham 1 / r ga teng). Biroq,
elektr shovqinlaridan farqli o'laroq5 tortishish kuchi himoyalanmagan. Buning uchun
o'g'il Yer va Oy bir-birini ulkan tortishish kuchi bilan jalb qiladi6
ularning elektr bilan o'zaro ta'siri ahamiyatsiz. Dovud Go'liyotni shu tarzda mag'lub qiladi, chunki
har qanday masofadagi elektronlar va protonlar bir-birini elektrostatik kuchlar bilan jalb qiladi, taxminan
Ularning tortishish kuchiga qaraganda kuchliroq 40 ta buyrug'i.
Gravitatsiya mol-to'qnashuvlarga o'lchovli ta'sir ko'rsatmaydi.
kimyoviy reaktsiyalarga olib keladigan kataklar, chunki reaktsiyalar juda kuchliroq
trik o'zaro ta'sirlar