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According to the character of semantic opposition



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According to the character of semantic opposition:

Antonyms proper (contrary antonyms) are antonyms which possess the following characteristics:
-they are gradable, i.e. there are some intermediate units between the most distant members of a set, e.g. cold – cool – tepid – warm – hot; never – seldom – sometimes – often – always;
-they are capable of comparison, e.g. good – better – best vs. bad – worse – worst;
-they can be modified by such intensifiers as very, slightly, extremely, fairly, rather etc., e.g. huge – very big – BIG – quite big – medium-sized – quite small – SMALL – very small – tiny;
-they do not deny one another, e.g. She is not beautiful She is ugly;
-they refer not to independent absolute qualities but to some implicit norm, e.g. a big mouse vs a small elephant.
Contradictory antonyms (complementary antonyms) are mutually opposed (exclusive) and deny one another, e.g. male – female; married – single; asleep – awake; same – different. Their features:
-not gradable;
-truly represent oppositeness of meaning;
-cannot be used in the comparative or superlative degree;
-the denial of one member of such antonymic opposition always implies the assertion of the other, e.g. not dead – alive.
Conversive or relational antonyms (conversives) are words which denote one and the same situation as viewed from different points of view, with a reversal of the order of participants and their roles, e.g. husband – wife; teacher – pupil; to buy – to sell; to lend – to borrow; to precede – to follow. These antonyms are mutually dependent on each other and one item presupposes the other.
Vectorial antonyms (directional antonyms) are words denoting differently directed actions, features, e.g. to rise – to fall; to arrive – to depart; to marry – to divorce; to learn – to forget; to appear – to disappear.

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