Oil and natural gas are one of the main minerals that were used by man in ancient
times. Therefore, the purpose of our work is to study the history of drilling oil and
gas wells, as well as their use and classification when drilling oil and gas wells.
Since this topic is relevant for our Republic. Oil production began to grow at an
especially rapid pace after drilling wells were used to extract it from the bowels of
the earth. Usually, the date of birth in the country of oil and gas is the receipt of a
gusher of oil from a well.
It follows that the oil industry in different countries of the world has existed for
only 110-140 years, but during this period of time, oil and gas increased more than
40 thousand times. In 1860, world oil production was only 70 thousand tons, in
1970 2280 million tons were extracted, and in 1996 already 3168 million tons. The
rapid growth in production is associated with the conditions of occurrence and
extraction of this mineral. Oil and gas are associated with sedimentary rocks and
are distributed regionally. Moreover, in each national sedimentation, their reserves
are noted in a relatively limited number of deposits. All this, taking into account
the consumption of oil and gas in industry and their rapid and economical
extraction from the depths, make these minerals the objects of priority search.
On the basis of archaeological finds and research, it has been established that
primitive man about 25 thousand years ago, when making various tools, drilled
holes in them for attaching handles. A flint drill was used as a working tool.
In ancient Egypt, rotary drilling (drilling) was used in the construction of the
pyramids about 6,000 years ago.
The first reports of Chinese wells for the extraction of water and salt brines are
contained in the works of the philosopher Confucius, written around 600 BC. The
wells were percussion drilled and reached a depth of 900 m. This indicates that
prior to that, drilling techniques had been developing for at least several hundred
more years. Sometimes, while drilling, the Chinese stumbled upon oil and gas. So
in 221 ... 263. AD in Sichuan, gas was extracted from wells about 240 m deep,
which was used to evaporate salt.
There is little documentary evidence of drilling techniques in China. However,
judging by the ancient Chinese painting, bas-reliefs, tapestries, panels and
embroidery on silk, this technique was at a rather high stage of development.
The drilling of the first wells in Russia dates back to the 9th century and is
associated with the extraction of sodium chloride solutions in the area of Staraya
Russa. The salt industry developed greatly in the 15th and 17th centuries, as
evidenced by the traces of boreholes discovered in the vicinity of Solikamsk. Their
depth reached 100 m with the initial diameter of the wells up to 1 m.
The borehole walls often collapsed. Therefore, for their fastening, either hollow
tree trunks or pipes woven from willow bark were used. At the end of the XIX
century. the walls of the wells were reinforced with iron pipes. They were bent
from sheet iron and riveted. When deepening the well, the pipes were advanced
following the drilling tool (bit); for this they were made with a smaller diameter
than the previous ones. Later, these pipes were called casing pipes. Their design
was improved over time: instead of riveted ones, they became one-piece-drawn
with threads at the ends.
The first well in the United States was drilled for brine production near Charleston,
West Virginia in 1806. Kentucky oil was accidentally found.
The first mention of the use of drilling for oil prospecting dates back to the 30s of
the 19th century. On Taman, before digging oil wells, they carried out preliminary
exploration with a drill. An eyewitness left the following description: “When it is
supposed to dig a well in a new place, they first try the ground with a drill, pressing
it in and adding a little water so that it can enter and after removing it, whether oil
will hold, then they start to dig a quadrangular hole in this place ".
In December 1844, member of the Council of the Main Directorate of the
Transcaucasian Territory V.N. Semyonov sent a report to his leadership, where he
wrote about the need ... to deepen some wells by means of a drill ... and to re-
explore for oil also by means of a drill between the Balakhani, Baybat and
Kabristan wells. " As V.N. Semenov, this idea was suggested to him by the
manager of the Baku and Shirvan oil and salt fields, mining engineer N.I.
Voskoboinikov. In 1846 the Ministry of Finance allocated the necessary funds and
drilling work began. The results of drilling are described in the memorandum of
the governor of the Caucasus, Count Vorontsov, dated July 14, 1848: "... a well
was drilled on Bibi-Heybat, in which oil was found." This was the first oil well in
the world!
Shortly before that, in 1846, the French engineer Fauvel proposed a method for
continuous cleaning of wells - their flushing. The essence of the method consisted
in the fact that water was pumped from the surface of the earth through hollow
pipes into the well, carrying pieces of rock upward. This method was very quickly
recognized as it was did not require stopping drilling.
The first oil well in the United States was drilled in 1859 in the Tytesville area,
Pennsylvania by E. Drake, who worked on the instructions of the Seneca Oil
Company. After two months of continuous labor, E. Drake's workers managed to
drill a well only 22 m deep, but it still produced oil. Until recently, this well was
considered the first in the world, but the documents found on the work under the
leadership of V.N. Semenov, historical justice was restored.
Many countries associate the birth of their oil industry with the drilling of the first
well that produced industrial oil. So, in Romania, the countdown has been going on
since 1857, in Canada - from 1858, in Venezuela - from 1863. In Russia, for a long
time it was believed that the first oil well was drilled in 1864 in the Kuban on the
bank of the river. Kudako under the leadership of Colonel A.N. Novosiltsev.
Therefore, in 1964, our country solemnly celebrated the 100th anniversary of the
domestic oil industry, and since then every year the Day of the Oil and Gas
Industry Worker has been celebrated.
The number of wells drilled in oil fields grew rapidly at the end of the 19th
century. So in Baku in 1873 there were 17, in 1885 - 165, in 1890 - 356, in 1895 -
604, then by
In the late 80s. of the last century, near New Orleans (Louisiana, USA) rotary
drilling for oil with mud flushing was applied. In Russia, rotary drilling with
flushing was first used near Grozny in 1902 and oil was found at a depth of 345 m.
Initially, rotary drilling was carried out by rotating the bit along with the entire
string of drill pipes directly from the surface. However, with a great depth of wells,
the weight of this string is very large. Therefore, back in the 19th century. the first
proposals for the creation of downhole motors appeared, i.e. motors located at the
bottom of the drill pipe directly above the bit. Most of them remained unfulfilled.
For the first time in world practice, a Soviet engineer (later a corresponding
member of the USSR Academy of Sciences) M.A. Kapelyushnikov in 1922
invented a turbodrill, which was a single-stage hydraulic turbine with a planetary
gearbox. The turbine was driven into rotation by the flushing fluid. In 1935 ...
1939. the design of the turbodrill was improved by a group of scientists led by P.P.
Shumilova. The turbine proposed by them is a multistage turbine without a
gearbox.
In 1899, an electric drill was patented in Russia, which is an electric motor
connected to a chisel and suspended on a rope. The modern design of the electric
drill was developed in 1938 by Soviet engineers A.P. Ostrovsky and N.V.
Aleksandrov, and already in 1940 the first well was drilled by an electric drill.
In 1897, in the Pacific Ocean in the area of about. Somerland (California, USA)
was the first to drill offshore. In our country, the first offshore well was drilled in
1925 in Ilyich Bay (near Baku) on an artificial island. In 1934, N.S. Timofeev on
the island. Artem in the Caspian Sea, cluster drilling was carried out, in which
several wells (sometimes more than 20) are drilled from a common site.
Subsequently, this method became widely used when drilling in confined spaces
(among swamps, from offshore drilling platforms, etc.).
Since the beginning of the 60s, in order to study the deep structure of the Earth,
superdeep drilling has been used in the world.
Drilling operations in Russia
For the first time, drilling operations in Russia began to be carried out for the
extraction of table salt. Salt brines were extracted using so-called brine pipes
(boreholes), which were often quite large in diameter.
The drilling of these wells in the XIV-XVII centuries at the Perm salt fields and at
the Balakhnovsky Usolye (near the city of Nizhny Novgorod) reached a fairly high
level of perfection. The first handwritten set of rules on the technology of drilling
wells for exploration and extraction of rock salt is known - "Painting how to
conceive to make a new pipe in a new place", written in the 17th century. This
work summarized the centuries-old practice of drilling wells in Russia. It describes
in detail the drilling tool, its installation and drilling techniques; provides
recommendations on the methodology for taking samples of soil and brines,
information on how to eliminate accidents, keeping records during drilling, on the
manufacture of drills and other parts of the drilling tool.
The high level of technological culture of well drilling in Russia is also evidenced
by the fact that the List contains 128 special drilling terms of only Russian origin.
One of the "pipes" reached a depth of 88 fathoms (-176 m).
The figure shows an example of drilling such wells at Balakhnovsky Usolye.
Installation for drilling under the brine pipe at Balakhnovsky Usolye: 1 - rope; 2 -
hearth; 3 - rocker; 4 - plow; 5 - transfer; 9 - stairs; 10.13 - collars with blocks for
running pipes and drilling operations; 11 - casing pipe; 12 - mat. The first well
known on the European continent was drilled in 1126 in the south of France in the
province of Artois (Artesium - Latin name). Hence the modern common name for
self-flowing water wells - artesian wells. However, such wells and wells were
known in ancient times in China and Egypt. In Russia, in the 1830s, artesian wells
were also drilled to supply water to provincial and district towns and industrial
enterprises. For example, in 1876 such a well was first drilled in Moscow on
Yauzsky Boulevard. In Paris in 1839, a similar well was drilled to a depth of 548
m and an aquifer was exposed, from which water gushed like a fountain to a height
of 33 m.
Since 1944, work began on the reconstruction of drilling equipment. A size range
of rigs for core drilling was compiled to depths of 75, 150, 300, 600 and 1200 m.
In accordance with this range, they were developed and produced in 1946-1947.
plant them. Vorovskogo (Sverdlovsk) multi-speed machines of the ZIV-75 and
ZIV-150 brands, and in Leningrad, the plant. Frunze produced machines of the
ZIF-300, ZIF-650 and ZIF-1200 types. These machines were already equipped
with two-cylinder hydraulic feed and four-speed gearboxes. Along with stationary
machines, self-propelled units UKB-100, URB-ZAM, URB-2A, etc. were
developed and produced in series under the leadership of M.M. Andreev and V.S.
and hydrogeological drilling. From 1965-1970 widespread development and
introduction of diamond drilling began. A number of diamond core bits have been
developed, reinforced with grade I and II diamonds. The mechanization of round-
trip operations was carried out quite extensively at this time. For example, the RT-
1200 device for screwing and debunking drill pipes was developed and released.
A significant contribution to the development of the theory and practice of core
drilling was made by SKB Geotekhnika, VITR, the Tula branch of TsNIGRI, the
former Leningrad Mining Institute, and the Dnepropetrovsk Mining Institute.
Moscow Geological Prospecting Institute and Tomsk Polytechnic Institute. Rotary
rotary drilling for oil and then gas was first used in the United States in 1901 in
combination with continuous flushing, and in Russia in 1902. The productivity of
this type of drilling increased dramatically after the invention of the roller cone in
1903 by engineer Howard Hughes. chisels. Technically, the new problem of
sealing the annulus during rotary drilling was solved by pumping cement slurry
according to the method of A.A. Bogushevsky. The next major step in the
development of deep drilling was the creation of hydraulic downhole motors -
turbodrills. In 1923, M. A. Kapelyushnikov and other engineers created single-
stage turbodrills, and in 1933-1940. On the basis of the theory of axial multistage
(100 or more stages) turbine engines developed by P.P. Shumilov, together with
R.A. Ioannesyan, E.I. Subsequently, the turbodrill was an indispensable engine for
drilling directional (inclined, horizontal, multilateral, etc.) wells. Then in 1937-
1940. N. V. Aleksandrov, A. A. Ostrovsky and other scientists have developed and
created electric drills with diameters from 164 to 290 mm with a speed of 700-540
min-1 and a power of 50-250 kW.
Well classification by purpose.
A cylindrical mine, driven from the surface of the earth into the depths by means
of mechanisms and having a very small cross-section compared to the depth, is
called a borehole. Wells can be vertical or inclined, their diameters vary widely
(25-900 mm), depth - from several meters to several thousand meters.
The beginning of the well at the surface of the earth is called the mouth, the bottom
is called the bottomhole, the walls of the well form its bore.
All wells drilled for the purpose of regional research, prospecting, exploration and
development of oil and gas fields or deposits are divided into the following
categories: reference, parametric, structural, prospecting, exploration, production.
1. Reference wells are drilled to study the geological structure and hydrogeological
conditions of the regions, to determine the general patterns of distribution of
sediment complexes favorable for oil and gas accumulation, in order to select the
most promising areas of geological exploration for oil and gas.
Reference wells are divided into two groups:
The first group includes wells laid in areas not explored by drilling in order to
comprehensively study the section of sedimentary rocks and establish the age and
material composition of the basement.
The second group includes wells laid in relatively studied areas for a
comprehensive study of the lower part of the section, previously not exposed by
drilling, or for highlighting certain fundamental issues in order to clarify the
geological structure and prospects for the oil and gas content of the area and
increase the efficiency of geological exploration for oil and gas.
2. Parametric wells are drilled to study the deep geological structure and a
comparative assessment of the oil and gas potential of possible oil and gas
accumulation zones; identification of the most promising areas for detailed
geological prospecting, as well as to obtain the necessary information about the
geological and geophysical characteristics of the sediment section in order to
clarify the results of seismic and other geophysical studies.
3. Structural wells are drilled to identify promising areas and prepare them for
exploration drilling.
4. Exploratory wells are drilled to discover new oil and gas fields. This category
includes wells laid in a new area, as well as the first wells laid in the same horizons
in separate tectonic blocks, or wells laid in new horizons within the field. They are
considered exploratory before the first industrial flows of oil or gas are received.
5. Exploration wells are drilled in areas with established commercial oil and gas
content in order to prepare oil and gas reserves.
6. Production wells are drilled for the development and exploitation of oil and gas
deposits. This category includes appraisal, production, injection and observation
(control, piezometric) wells.
Appraisal wells are drilled on an oil reservoir under development or being prepared
for trial operation in order to clarify the parameters and operation mode of the
reservoir, identify and clarify the boundaries of isolated productive fields, as well
as assess the development of individual sections of the reservoir.
Injection wells are used when various agents are exposed to the producing
formation (injection of water, gas or air, etc.).
Observation wells are drilled to monitor changes in pressure, the position of water-
gas-oil contacts during the operation of the formation.
7. Special wells are drilled for the discharge of industrial water, liquidation of open
gushers of oil and gas, preparation of structures for underground gas storage and
injection of gas into them, exploration and production of industrial water.
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