The Kazakh unrest
This “dialogue” between the Russians and Kazakhs was, however, doomed by
the government’s policy of settling peasants from European Russia and Ukraine on
the Kazakh steppe, where agricultural settlement on an extensive scale could be
undertaken only by curtailing the area available for grazing by the nomads’ livestock
and by restricting their seasonal migrations. As early as 1867–68 the northwestern
fringes of the Kazakh steppe had been the scene of violent protests at the presence of
colonists, but it was not until the last decade of the century that the movement got
fully under way with the arrival of upward of one million peasants, resulting in the
inevitable expropriation of Kazakh grazing grounds and in savage conflict between
the Kazakhs and the intruders. Finally in 1916, during World War I, the Kazakhs,
driven to desperation by the loss of their lands and by the ruthlessness of the wartime
administration, rose up in protest against a decree conscripting the non-Russian
subjects of the empire for forced labour. The rebellion assumed the character of a
popular uprising, in which many colonists and many more Kazakhs and Kyrgyz were
massacred. The revolt was put down with the utmost savagery, and more than
300,000 Kazakhs are said to have sought refuge across the Chinese frontier.
With the collapse of tsarist rule, the Westernized Kazakh elite formed a party,
the Alash Orda, as a vehicle through which they could express their aspirations for
regional autonomy. Having found during the Russian Civil War that the
COUNTRY STUDY / PhD Panferova I.V.
4
anticommunist “Whites” were implacably opposed to their aspirations, the Kazakhs
cast in their lot with the “Reds.” After the war the Kazakhs were granted their own
republic, in which, for the first few years, the leaders of the Alash Orda maintained a
fairly dominant position and were active in protecting Kazakh interests. After 1924,
however, direct confrontation with the Communist Party became more intense, and in
1927–28 the Alash Orda leaders were liquidated as “bourgeois nationalists.” The
history of the Kazakhs in the first half of the 20th century was bleak indeed—
expropriation of their grazing lands under the tsars, the bloody uprising and reprisals
of 1916, the losses in the civil war and in the famine in 1921, the purges of the
intelligentsia in 1927–28, collectivization during the 1930s, and further peasant
colonization after World War II.
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