Non-bank financial institutions: assessment of their impact on the stability of the financial system



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Impacts on securities markets 
in general and specifically 
fixed income markets
and 
securities 
lending markets.
Price effects 
on abovementioned markets due to fire sale externalities. 
10.2
 
Risk analytics 
10.2.1
 
Liquidity risk 
In times of market stress, liquidity risk can arise among insurers and pension funds, despite the 
long-term nature of their liabilities providing insulation against this.
Sources of liquidity risk include downgrade of asset ratings combined with regulatory capital 
requirements leading insurers/pension funds having to change the mix of assets that they hold.
Collateral calls on derivatives positions arising, say, due to ratings downgrades of insurance 
undertakings and pension funds are an additional source of liquidity risk during stressed market 
conditions (OECD, 2009).
Liquidity problems involve a further, cross-border aspect for insurance undertakings insofar as 
national regulations/other legal restrictions constrain the transfer of liquid funds cross-border 
within insurance groups (Radice, 2010). 


 
10 
│ 
Insurance and pension fund sector risks 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
95 
 
10.2.2
 
Counterparty risk 
In general, counterparty risk arises due to common exposures in collateral, securities and 
derivatives, and exposure to other banks and NBFIs, particularly through over-the-counter (OTC) 
markets (Booth, Milne and Pickles, 2011).
Counterparty risk may also arise as a result of insurance undertakings in particular offering non-
traditional credit risk protection through products such as financial guarantees and credit default 
swaps. 

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