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Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. Hydrogen is the lightest element. At standard conditions hydrogen is a gas of diatomic molecules having the formula H2. It is colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, and highly combustible. Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in the universe, constituting roughly 75% of all normal matter. Stars such as the Sun are mainly composed of hydrogen in the plasma state. Most of the hydrogen on Earth exists in molecular forms such as water and organic compounds. For the most common isotope of hydrogen (symbol 1H) each atom has one proton, one electron, and no neutrons[5].
Chet tilda nutq rivojlanish jarayonida manzara mutlaqo boshqacha gavdalanadi. Chet til o‘rganishga kirishilganida, talaba ma’lum darajada ona tilidagi til va nutq tajribalariga hamda shu tilda asosiy fikrlash operatsiyalarini amalga oshirish ko‘nikmalariga ega bo‘ladi. Chet til birliklarining egallanishi o‘rab turgan borliqni anglash jarayoni bilan muvofiqlashmaydi. Bu jarayonda talaba fikrlashni emas, balki fikr ifodalashning o‘zga til va madaniyatga xos vosita hamda usullaridan adekvat foydalanish kompetentligini rivojlantiradi. Bu esa o‘z navbatida o‘rgatishning onglilik prinsipiga ahamiyat qaratilishi lozimligini talab etadi.
Talabalarda ona tilidagi nutq va fikrlash jarayonlari juda tez rivojlanayotgan bo‘ladi, o‘z navbatida mexanik xotira o‘rnini so‘z mantiq xotirasi, taqqoslash, qiyoslash, analogiya, tasniflash, umumlashtirish egallagan bo‘ladi. Talabalarning chet tildagi nutqlarini rivojlantirishda fikr ifodalashning chet tildagi, ya’ni ona tilida fikr ifodalash usuli bilan qiyoslanadigan muqobil usul shakllantirilishi lozim.
A deep rich red in colour. Lush and soft aroma with plums and blackberries, the oak is plentiful and adds vanilla to the mix, attractive black pepper undercurrents. The mouthfeel is plush and comfortable like an old pair of slippers, boysenberry and spicy plum fruit flovours with liqourice and well seasoned oak. The generous finish ends with fine grained tannins and grippy earthy aftertaste (www.ewinexchange.com.au)
Axborotni ixcham taqdim etuvchi va maxsus leksikaga boy ushbu matn oziq-ovqat sanoatiga oid atamalardan bexabar o‘quvchi uchun juda murakkablik qiladi. “Lush” va “plush” so‘zlari tanish bo‘lishi mumkindir, lekin bu leksik birliklarning mazkur matnda qanday ma’no ifodalayotganliklari noaniq. Bazan til o‘rganuvchilar shunday so‘zlarga duch kelishadi-ki, ular umuman notanish yoki ona tilida muqobili bo‘lmasligi ham mumkin. Bazan o‘rganilayotgan chet tildaga so‘z ifodalaydigan tushuncha ona tilida mavjud bo‘lmasligi ham mumkin.
Leksik materialni o‘rgatishga qo‘yiladigan dasturiy talablar maxsus metodik prinsiplar ishlab chiqishni taqozo etgan, mazkur masala yuzasidan o‘tkazilgan ilmiy tadqiqotga ko‘ra qator prinsiplar amal qiladi. Maslan D.Brauen (D.Brown) tomonidan talabalariga ingliz tili leksikasini o‘qitishning prinsiplari ishlab chiqilgan [1; 436-437]. Tadqiqot mavzusidan kelib chiqib biz kimyo yonalishi talabalariga ingliz tili leksikasini oqitishning quyidagi prinsiplarini kommunikatiy yondashuv asosida takomillashtirdik:
Allocate specific class time to vocabulary learning. – Interaktiv mashg‘ulotlarda sohaviy leksik kompetensiyani rivojlantirishga alohida vaqt ajratilmaydi. Lekin unutmaslik kerakki, sohaviy leksik kompetensiyani rivojlantirmay turib kimyo yonalishiga oid til materialini o‘rgatib bo‘lmaydi.
Help students to learn vocabulary in context. – Kimyo yonalishi talabalari uchun leksik materialni savodli tanlashda mazkur yo‘nalish talabalari o‘qishi mumkin bolgan (masalan, D.I.Mendeleyev hayoti, kimyoviy elementlar, atom zarralari) matnlar asosiy manbaa bolishi lozim. Shuningdek korpus lingvistika sohasida olib borilgan yutuqlarga, yani kimyo sohasida eng keng va ko‘p qo‘llaniladigan leksik birliklarga murojaat qilish tavsiya etiladi.
Play down the role of bilingual dictionaries. Bugungi texnika taraqqiyoti yutuqlari chet tillarni o‘rgatish va o‘rganishning zamonaviy texnik vositalarini taqdim etmoqda. Ikki tilli elektron lug‘atlar, “Google translator”, “ABBY dictionary”, “Fazzy dictionary”, “Sloved classic Uzbek - English” kabi mobil ilovalar ham har qanday notanish so‘zning tarjimasini va talaffuzini soniyalar ichida topib beradi. Lekin bunday vositalar faqat vaziyatdan chiqib ketishga yordam berishi mumkin. So‘zlarnig hotirada saqlab qolinishini ta’minlash uchun ular tinglab tushunish, gapirish, o‘qish va yozuv nutq faoliyat turlarida mashq qilinishi zarur. Shuningdek, Inglizcha – Inglizcha (English - English) lug‘atlar yoki Ingliz tilidagi sodda tilli izohli lug‘atlar (dictionaries with learner friendly definitions)dan foydalanish ham leksik kompetensiyaning egallanishida samaradorlikni ta’minlaydi
Engage in “unplanned” vocabulary teaching. – Leksikani o‘qitishga rejasiz, tasodifiy yondashuvida o‘qituvchi talabalarga notanish bo‘lgan so‘z ifodalaydigan ma’noni nutq vaziyatiga bog‘lab tushuntirib beradi, yoki talabalar tomonidan mustaqil faxmlab olinishi uchun qulay vaziyat yaratib beradi. Quyida misol keltiramiz.
T: Okay, “critical mass.” Does anyone know what that means?[writes the word on the board]
Ss: [silence]
T: No one? Okay, well, take a look at the sentence it’s in. “In nuclear engineering, a critical mass is the smallest amount of fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction.” Now, is a critical mass a material? [S1 raises her hand.] Okay, Madina?
S1: Well, yes. It is the smallest amount of material.
T: Excellent! So, what do you think “critical mass” might mean?
S2: Tiny, invisible substance.
T: Good, what else? Anyone?
S3: minimum quantity of radioactive material needed to cause a nuclear chain reaction.
T: Great! Okay, so “critical mass” means small radioactive material. Is that clear now?
Ss: [most Ss nod in agreement]
Bazan bunday tayyorlanmagan kommunikativ vaziyatlar davomiy bo‘lishi ham mumkin. O‘qituvchi bir qancha misollar taqdim etadi va talabalarning ushbu so‘zlardan foydalanib gap tuzishga motevatsiyasini oshiradi.
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