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12th November 2015
N e w s a d e m ic .co m ™
- British English edition
page
15
Some waved large Romanian flags
with holes in them. These became a
symbol o f the 1989 protests, which
led to Ceausescu’s downfall. Then,
bullets made the holes.
M r Iohannis spoke with the pro
testers. He said that the country’s
elected politicians could not ignore
what was happening. After M r Pon-
ta resigned, the president said he
would appoint an interim, or tem
porary, prime minister. Elections for
new political leaders will then be
organised. □
S
w im m in g
s t u d y
Jellyfish and lampreys live in the
sea. Lampreys are eel-like creatures.
These two marine creatures look
very different. Yet they are both ex
cellent swimmers. Researchers in the
USA have discovered that jellyfish
and lampreys have an unusual way
o f moving through the water. This is
the first time that their unique swim
ming methods have been recorded.
It’s known that jellyfish, or je l
lies, have lived on the Earth for at
least 500 million years. There are
more than 1,000 jellyfish species.
They are found in all the world’s
oceans. Some live near the surface.
Others prefer deeper waters. Jelly
fish are not fish. All fish are verte
brates, which means that they have
a backbone. Jellyfish do not. A je l
lyfish is over 90% water.
M ost jellyfish have an umbrella
shaped body (known as a bell), and
long tentacles. The bodies o f the
smallest jellyfish are about one mil
limetre (0.04 inches) across. The
biggest ones can be two metres (6.6
feet) wide. A jellyfish uses its tenta
cles to catch its food. M ost jellies are
harmless to humans, but a few are
highly poisonous. The w orld’s most
deadly jellyfish is a type o f box jelly
called
Chironex fleckeri.
Usually
called the sea wasp, it lives in seas
between Vietnam, the Philippines
and northern Australia. Lampreys
are a type o f fish. Like eels, they
have long bodies and no scales. The
biggest ones are about one metre
(3.3 feet) long. Lampreys do not
have jaws. Some species suck other
fishes’ blood. Others filter, or strain,
food from the water. Lampreys live
near coasts or in freshwater rivers.
Sea wasp (Avispa m arina)
Humans and most other land ani
mals walk or run by pushing against
the ground. Birds push or flap their
wings against the air. Marine ani
mals that swim use their fins, tails or
tentacles to push against the water.
This ‘pushing movement’ creates an
area o f high pressure between the
animal and the ground, air or sea.
There is an immediate forward (or
backward) movement. Yet this does
not last for long. Therefore the ani
mal has to keep ‘pushing’.
The American researchers sus
pected that jellyfish and lampreys
swim in a different way. They de
cided to investigate. The research
ers fitted lasers and cameras around
a large water tank. They then tipped
millions o f tiny, silver-coated glass
beads into the water. These beads are
only ten micrometres (one millionth
o f a metre) across. As the jellyfish
and lampreys swam in the tank, the
beads highlighted how the water
moved around them. The lasers and
cameras recorded this movement.
The beads showed that jellyfish
and lampreys don’t push against the
water. Instead, the way in which
they bend their bodies creates ar
eas o f low pressure. The surround
ing water then flows, or moves,
into these areas. This water motion
moves the jellyfish and lampreys
forward. So instead o f ‘pushing’
through the water, jellyfish and
lampreys are ‘pulled’ or ‘sucked’
through it. The researchers worked
out that this way o f swimming uses
far less energy. This probably ex
plains why jellyfish and lampreys
are such good swimmers.
Marine engineers are expected
to be interested in the research
ers’ work. It may be possible to
design underwater robots to swim
in a similar way. If so, the robots
could move through the water very
quickly but use less power. Copying
designs found in the natural world
like this is known as ‘biomimicry’
or ‘bioinspiration’. □
R
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