Neurolinguistic & psycholinguistic investigations on evidentiality in Turkish

Participants’ eye-movement changes over time in the late time window also 
showed different group characteristics within each condition. In the direct 

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138 
5.3.3.
 
Summary of results
Both the late and the early bilinguals were slower and less accurate than the 
monolinguals in their responses in the direct evidential condition, whereas 
they patterned with the monolinguals in the indirect evidential condition. 
Furthermore, within the response data there were interactions with group, 
showing that both the late and early bilinguals responded less accurately to 
the direct than to the indirect evidential condition, while the monolinguals 
showed no difference between these two conditions. A similar contrast was 
found in response latencies. 
These behavioral results were reflected in the proportion of looks 
data. Bilinguals were less likely to look at the target picture in the direct 
compared to the indirect evidential condition in both the main and the late 
time windows. In the late time window (i.e. from 1200 ms onwards), the 
monolinguals shifted their gaze towards the context picture during their 
processing of direct evidentials, whilst the bilinguals’ eye-movements 
tended to oscillate more between the target and context photos.
 
 
 
evidential condition, there were effects of linear time (
ß 
= -1.053,
 SE
= 1.287,
 t = 
-
8.181, 
p 
< .001), and of group (
ß 
= -6.760,
 SE
= 2.542,
 t = 
-2.659, 
p 
< .01). In the 
indirect evidential condition, by contrast, there was an effect of linear time (
ß 
= 
3.844,
 SE
= 1.259,
 t = 
3.054, 
p 
< .001) but not of group (
ß 
= -2.731,
 SE
= 13.317,
 t 
= 
-0.823, 
p 
= .41). Eye-movements changed over time in both condition, as linear 
time was significant in both conditions. However, there was an effect of group in 
the direct evidential (but not in the indirect evidential) condition suggesting that the 
moment-by-moment eye-movements changes in the late time-window are different 
for individual groups in the direct evidential condition, but similar in the indirect 
evidential condition. 

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