Neologisms

NEOLOGISMS

• Language is the human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication. The scientific study of language is called linguistics.

Human Language

• Words of language represent concepts in the mind of the speaker and the listener
• With concept change or new concept formation → new words
• Neologism → “neo” (new) + “logos” (word)

New Containers for New Ideas

• «Neologism: Neologisms are «words that have appeared in a language in connection with new phenomena, new concepts,… but which have not yet entered into the active vocabularies of a significant portion of the native speakers of the language». (Woodhouse dictionary, 1972, p. 225)

• «A neologism is the term used to describe a word that has been made-up or invented by a speaker, which appears in a transcript of spontaneous speech dialogue...»
• (Internet http://en.wiktionary.org)

Means of Word Creation

• Affixation (addition of prefixes and suffixes):

brouser, antivirus, interface

• Conversion (a process of creating a new word from some existing one or by changing part of speech, the morphemic shape of the original word remaining unchanged):

update, back-up,

to google, to skype, to email

• Compounds (several stem formations):

touchscreen, crowdsourcing

• Semantic change (metaphor, metonymy):

log on/out, “железо”, software, hardware, online, offline

• Borrowings (loan translation, adopting):

беспроводной; wi-fi, i-Pad, Windows, драйвер, дисплей, процессор

• Shortening, acronymizing, initializing:

IT, USB-порт, ПО, 3-D

Examples

• IMAX (an abbreviation for Image Maximum) is a motion picture film format and a set of cinema projection standards created by the Canadian company IMAX Corporation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX
• i-Pod, i-Pad, i-Phone

The "i" was a common component of the names that Apple gave products in 2001, when the iPod was released. Among the examples of this are iMac, iBook, iPhoto, and iTunes. While some of those products live on, Apple has largely dropped the "i" prefix from its products (the Macbook replaced the iBook, for instance), though it lives on in iTunes, iMac, and iPad.As to where the "i" comes from, there aredifferent theories.

Some say that "i" stands for "internet," though that doesn't quite seem to ring true in all instances. Other people say the "i" stands for the first initial of Apple designer Jonathan Ive's last name. Ive's innovative and appealing hardware designs have made Apple products very influential, but he designs hardware, not software, so that doesn't explain the use of the "i" for programs like iTunes.

The "pod," according to some sources, stands for "portable open database," the name of the software that runs the iPod

• Google: To use an online search engine as the basis for looking up information on the World Wide Web.

Diverse and marvellous

• 404: Someone who's clueless.

From the World Wide Web error

message 404 Not Found, meaning

that the requested document could

not be located.

• Crowdsourcing: The activity of getting a large

group of people to contribute resource to project,

especially by using a website where people can

make contributions.

• Spam: Flooding the Internet with many copies

of the same message, in an attempt to force

the message on people who would

not otherwise choose to receive it.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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• 8. Локкет Брайен Почему так? М.: «Школа – Пресс». 1998.
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• 11. Матюшенков В.С. Dictionary of slang in North America, Great Britain and Australia. М.: «Флинта», «Наука», 2002.
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