National open university of nigeria introduction to econometrics I eco 355



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ECO 355 0

Example:
Given the hypothetical data on weekly family consumption expenditure Y and weekly 
family income X. 


70 
80 
65 
100 
90 
120 


69 
95 
140 
110 
160 
115 
180 
120 
200 
140 
220 
155 
240 
150 
260 
(1) 
(2) 
(3) 
(4) 
(5) 
(6) 
 
̅
(7) 
(8) 
(9) 
̂
̂
̂
̂
70 
80 
5600 
6400 
8100 
3690 
65,181

4.8181 314.0524 
65 
100 
6500 
10000 
4900 
3220 
75.363

90 
120 
10800 
14400 
2500 
1050 
85.545

4.4545 381.0620 
95 
140 
13300 
19600 
900 
480 
95.727

110 
160 
17600 
25600 
100 
10 
105.90
90 
433.2631 
115 
180 
20700 
32400 
100 
40 
116.09
09 
120 
200 
24000 
40000 
900 
270 
125.27
27 
140 
220 
30800 
48400 
2500 
1450 
136.45
45 
483.7858 
155 
240 
37200 
57600 
4900 
3080 
145.63
63 
1226.407

150 
260 
39000 
67600 
8100 
3510 
156.81
81 
9995=
1110.0 
= 110 
̂
̂
̂
= 0.0 = 0. 
111 
170 
nc 
nc 


nc 
nc 
110 


M
EA
N
 
SU


70 
̂
̂
̅ ̂
̅
̂
( ̂
) ( ̂
)
̂
( ̂
) ( ̂
)
( ̂
̂
)
The estimated regression line therefore is: 
̂
The interpretation of equation (68) is that the intercept is 24.4545, while the slope of 
is 
. The intercept indicates the average level of weekly consumption expenditure 
when weekly income is zero. However, this is a mechanical interpretation of the intercept 
term. In regression analysis such literal interpretation of the intercept term may not be 
always meaningful, although in the present example it can be argued that a family 
without any income (because of unemployment, layoff etc) might maintain some 
minimum level of consumption expenditure either by borrowing or dissaving. But in 
general one has to use common sense in interpreting the intercept term, for very often the 
sample range of X values may not include zero as one of the observed values. 
Moreover, it is best to interpret the intercept term as the mean or average effect on Y of 
all the variables omitted from the regression model. The value of 
of 0.9621 means that 
about 96 percent of the variation in the weekly consumption expenditure is explained by 
income. Since 
suggests that the sample regression line fits the data very well. The 
coefficient of correlation of 0.9809 shows that the two variables, consumption 
expenditure and income, are highly positively correlated. The estimated standard errors 
of the regression coefficients will be interpreted later in this course. 

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