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Principles and indicators underlying the policy of formation of money capital of enterprises



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MONOGRAPHY Social and Economic Development (3)

 Principles and indicators underlying the policy of formation of money capital of enterprises 
Indicators 
Life cycle phase 
Access to the 
market 
Growth 
Maturity 
Market exit 
Increase in sales  Strategy 
crisis 
Profita-
bility 
crisis 
Liquidity crisis 
Insolvency 








1. The principles 
and conditions 
underlying the 
policy of formation 
of money capital 
(funds) 
1. Determination of 
the conditions for 
the formation of the 
authorized capital. 
2. Determining the 
terms of long-term 
bank loans. 
3. Identification of 
investment tax 
credit opportunities 
1. Determining the 
terms of long-term 
and short-term 
loans of 
commercial banks 
and other partners. 
2. Definition of 
approaches to the 
formation of net 
profit 
1. Definition of 
approaches to the 
formation of net 
profit. 
2. Principles and 
conditions of 
depreciation policy 
1. Determination of 
the conditions for 
long-term lending 
(including special 
forms — leasing, 
forfaiting, etc.), as 
well as short-term 
lending. 
2. Principles and 
conditions of 
depreciation policy 
1. Determining the 
possibilities of using the 
funds of partners 
(including on the terms 
of joint activities, 
factoring, company 
credit, payables, bill of 
credit, etc.). 
2. Identification of long-
term lending 
opportunities. 
3. Identifying 
opportunities for debt 
restructuring and 
lowering the costs of 
servicing them. 
4. Getting a tax credit 
It is 
impractical to 
develop 
2. Indicators to 
formulate and 
evaluate the 
implementation of 
policies 
1. Weighted average cost of capital 
2. Market value of the enterprise 
It is 
impractical to 
develop 
 


Of great importance is the size of the authorized capital. Although 
legislatively fixed its minimum for various legal forms of legal entities, its value 
should be correlated with the goals of the enterprise. In this phase, it is advisable 
to attract long-term loans. 
When entering the growth phase, it becomes advisable to attract short-term 
loans along with long-term ones, since there are financial opportunities for their 
repayment. The purpose of attracting short-term loans is to finance the 
additional need for working capital. 
The issues of attracting investment tax credit, leasing, issuing bond loans, 
using overdraft, and payables also remain relevant. 
The expansion of the enterprise may cause the need for additional issue of 
shares. 
In the maturity phase, the enterprise should develop due to internal sources 
of financing, i.e. net profit, and depreciation. In a crisis of strategy, in addition to 
this, the problem arises of attracting long-term and short-term loans. 
The phase out of the market is not homogeneous in terms of money-capital 
formation policy. If the profitability crisis is comparable in terms of attracting 
money capital with the crisis of the strategy, then specific tasks appear in the 
liquidity crisis. 
So, it is necessary to consider the possibility of using partners’ funds based 
on joint activities, company and bill loans, payables. 
Under the conditions of insolvency, the development of a money-capital 
formation policy loses its relevance, and the tasks of business restructuring, the 
goals of which are mergers, acquisitions, repurchases by debt financing, as well 
as the sale of part of the business that is the most problematic, come first. 
Business restructuring occurs most often in the conditions of a change of 
owners and managers, which entails a change in the entire policy of the 
enterprise, including financial. 
The money management policy is an approach to management decisions 
related to its optimal formation from various  sources, as well as ensuring its 
effective use in the investment and operational activities of the enterprise: 
1. The formation of a sufficient amount of capital, providing the necessary 
rate of growth of the market value of the enterprise. 
2. Optimization of the distribution of generated cash capital by type of 
activity. 
3. Ensuring minimization of financial risk associated with the use of cash 
capital. 
4. Ensuring a constant financial balance of the enterprise between the level 
of financial stability and solvency of  the enterprise at all stages of its 
development. 
5. Ensuring a sufficient level of financial control over the enterprise by its 
owners. 
 
44 


The indicators that allow to evaluate the implementation of the policy of 
formation of money capital are the following: 
- level of financial stability 
- the effect of financial leverage 
- weighted average cost of capital 
- market value (price) of the enterprise 
1. The level of financial stability characterizes the share of funds invested 
by the owners of the enterprise in the total value of the property. The calculation 
of the indicator is carried out according to the formula: 
Level of financial stability = Equity / Total sources of financing. 
In assessing the level of financial stability, it is necessary to take into 
account the industry sector of the enterprise (for example, industrial enterprises 
should have a higher value of the financial stability indicator than trade 
enterprises, which is explained by a higher proportion of non-current assets in 
the balance sheet structure, the presence of long-term borrowed funds and 
factors operational risk The normal minimum value of the indicator for 
industrial enterprises is estimated at 40%, which implies that the borrowed funds 
are self-sufficient, that is, by selling property formed from their own sources, the 
company will be able to repay liabilities. 
2. The effect of financial leverage shows how much the profitability of 
equity
1
 can change by attracting long-term, medium-term, short-term loans and 
loans. If the capital structure does not make it possible to settle arising liabilities 
without reducing the return on equity, then the effect of financial leverage will 
be negative. If borrowed funds will increase the return on equity, then the effect 
of financial leverage will be positive, and the attraction of loans and borrowings 
is considered beneficial. 
In turn, the effect of financial leverage FLE is found by the formula
2

𝐹𝐹𝐿𝐿𝐶𝐶 = (1 − 𝑡𝑡) × (𝑅𝑅𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅 − 𝑟𝑟) ×
𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶
𝐶𝐶 ,
 
where 𝑡𝑡 is the income tax rate,%; 𝑟𝑟 is average rate for using a loan,%; 𝑅𝑅𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅 is 
return on net assets,%; 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 is borrowed capital, r .; 𝐶𝐶 is equity, p. 
In this formula, three components are visible: 
1) (1 − 𝑡𝑡) — a tax corrector showing the effect of the income tax rate on 
the effect of financial leverage 
1
 In the formation of capital, long-term loans and borrowings are equated to equity for 
analysis. 
2
 The same formula is used to make decisions on the profitability of short-term loans. 
However, it will have a slightly different content: instead of the profitability of net assets, it is 
necessary to use the profitability of current assets, and long-term and short-term loans will be 
included in the borrowed capital. 
 
45 
                                           


2) (𝑅𝑅𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅 − 𝑟𝑟) —  the differential of financial leverage, which determines 
the difference between the profitability of net assets and the cost of the source of 
the borrowed source of financing 
3) financial leverage ratio, or debt ratio, characterizing the amount of 
borrowed capital per unit of equity 
Of all three components, the main one is the differential of financial 
leverage, which can take both positive and negative values. If the return on net 
assets is higher than the cost of using a long-term loan, the differential value is 
positive, and the use of borrowed funds will be considered beneficial. If the 
differential takes a negative value, then the return on net assets cannot cover the 
costs of long-term borrowing. In this case, their attraction is not profitable for 
the enterprise since the return on equity is reduced. 
3. The structure of capital is estimated at its weighted average cost. 
The cost of capital is a percentage expressed in the cost of raising capital 
from various sources to ensure the current, financial and investment activities of 
the enterprise. On the other hand, the cost of capital shows the return on 
investment. 
The capital cost indicator is used to make many managerial decisions 
(Table 4). 
Table 4. 

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