Principles and indicators underlying the policy of formation of money capital of enterprises
Indicators
Life cycle phase
Access to the
market
Growth
Maturity
Market exit
Increase in sales Strategy
crisis
Profita-
bility
crisis
Liquidity crisis
Insolvency
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1. The principles
and conditions
underlying the
policy of formation
of money capital
(funds)
1. Determination of
the conditions for
the formation of the
authorized capital.
2. Determining the
terms of long-term
bank loans.
3. Identification of
investment tax
credit opportunities
1. Determining the
terms of long-term
and short-term
loans of
commercial banks
and other partners.
2. Definition of
approaches to the
formation of net
profit
1. Definition of
approaches to the
formation of net
profit.
2. Principles and
conditions of
depreciation policy
1. Determination of
the conditions for
long-term lending
(including special
forms — leasing,
forfaiting, etc.), as
well as short-term
lending.
2. Principles and
conditions of
depreciation policy
1. Determining the
possibilities of using the
funds of partners
(including on the terms
of joint activities,
factoring, company
credit, payables, bill of
credit, etc.).
2. Identification of long-
term lending
opportunities.
3. Identifying
opportunities for debt
restructuring and
lowering the costs of
servicing them.
4. Getting a tax credit
It is
impractical to
develop
2. Indicators to
formulate and
evaluate the
implementation of
policies
1. Weighted average cost of capital
2. Market value of the enterprise
It is
impractical to
develop
Of great importance is the size of the authorized capital. Although
legislatively fixed its minimum for various legal forms of legal entities, its value
should be correlated with the goals of the enterprise. In this phase, it is advisable
to attract long-term loans.
When entering the growth phase, it becomes advisable to attract short-term
loans along with long-term ones, since there are financial opportunities for their
repayment. The purpose of attracting short-term loans is to finance the
additional need for working capital.
The issues of attracting investment tax credit, leasing, issuing bond loans,
using overdraft, and payables also remain relevant.
The expansion of the enterprise may cause the need for additional issue of
shares.
In the maturity phase, the enterprise should develop due to internal sources
of financing, i.e. net profit, and depreciation. In a crisis of strategy, in addition to
this, the problem arises of attracting long-term and short-term loans.
The phase out of the market is not homogeneous in terms of money-capital
formation policy. If the profitability crisis is comparable in terms of attracting
money capital with the crisis of the strategy, then specific tasks appear in the
liquidity crisis.
So, it is necessary to consider the possibility of using partners’ funds based
on joint activities, company and bill loans, payables.
Under the conditions of insolvency, the development of a money-capital
formation policy loses its relevance, and the tasks of business restructuring, the
goals of which are mergers, acquisitions, repurchases by debt financing, as well
as the sale of part of the business that is the most problematic, come first.
Business restructuring occurs most often in the conditions of a change of
owners and managers, which entails a change in the entire policy of the
enterprise, including financial.
The money management policy is an approach to management decisions
related to its optimal formation from various sources, as well as ensuring its
effective use in the investment and operational activities of the enterprise:
1. The formation of a sufficient amount of capital, providing the necessary
rate of growth of the market value of the enterprise.
2. Optimization of the distribution of generated cash capital by type of
activity.
3. Ensuring minimization of financial risk associated with the use of cash
capital.
4. Ensuring a constant financial balance of the enterprise between the level
of financial stability and solvency of the enterprise at all stages of its
development.
5. Ensuring a sufficient level of financial control over the enterprise by its
owners.
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The indicators that allow to evaluate the implementation of the policy of
formation of money capital are the following:
- level of financial stability
- the effect of financial leverage
- weighted average cost of capital
- market value (price) of the enterprise
1. The level of financial stability characterizes the share of funds invested
by the owners of the enterprise in the total value of the property. The calculation
of the indicator is carried out according to the formula:
Level of financial stability = Equity / Total sources of financing.
In assessing the level of financial stability, it is necessary to take into
account the industry sector of the enterprise (for example, industrial enterprises
should have a higher value of the financial stability indicator than trade
enterprises, which is explained by a higher proportion of non-current assets in
the balance sheet structure, the presence of long-term borrowed funds and
factors operational risk The normal minimum value of the indicator for
industrial enterprises is estimated at 40%, which implies that the borrowed funds
are self-sufficient, that is, by selling property formed from their own sources, the
company will be able to repay liabilities.
2. The effect of financial leverage shows how much the profitability of
equity
1
can change by attracting long-term, medium-term, short-term loans and
loans. If the capital structure does not make it possible to settle arising liabilities
without reducing the return on equity, then the effect of financial leverage will
be negative. If borrowed funds will increase the return on equity, then the effect
of financial leverage will be positive, and the attraction of loans and borrowings
is considered beneficial.
In turn, the effect of financial leverage FLE is found by the formula
2
:
𝐹𝐹𝐿𝐿𝐶𝐶 = (1 − 𝑡𝑡) × (𝑅𝑅𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅 − 𝑟𝑟) ×
𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶
𝐶𝐶 ,
where 𝑡𝑡 is the income tax rate,%; 𝑟𝑟 is average rate for using a loan,%; 𝑅𝑅𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅 is
return on net assets,%; 𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 is borrowed capital, r .; 𝐶𝐶 is equity, p.
In this formula, three components are visible:
1) (1 − 𝑡𝑡) — a tax corrector showing the effect of the income tax rate on
the effect of financial leverage
1
In the formation of capital, long-term loans and borrowings are equated to equity for
analysis.
2
The same formula is used to make decisions on the profitability of short-term loans.
However, it will have a slightly different content: instead of the profitability of net assets, it is
necessary to use the profitability of current assets, and long-term and short-term loans will be
included in the borrowed capital.
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2) (𝑅𝑅𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅 − 𝑟𝑟) — the differential of financial leverage, which determines
the difference between the profitability of net assets and the cost of the source of
the borrowed source of financing
3) financial leverage ratio, or debt ratio, characterizing the amount of
borrowed capital per unit of equity
Of all three components, the main one is the differential of financial
leverage, which can take both positive and negative values. If the return on net
assets is higher than the cost of using a long-term loan, the differential value is
positive, and the use of borrowed funds will be considered beneficial. If the
differential takes a negative value, then the return on net assets cannot cover the
costs of long-term borrowing. In this case, their attraction is not profitable for
the enterprise since the return on equity is reduced.
3. The structure of capital is estimated at its weighted average cost.
The cost of capital is a percentage expressed in the cost of raising capital
from various sources to ensure the current, financial and investment activities of
the enterprise. On the other hand, the cost of capital shows the return on
investment.
The capital cost indicator is used to make many managerial decisions
(Table 4).
Table 4.
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