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MONOGRAPHY Social and Economic Development (3)

An operating lease
  has several important characteristics. First, with an 
operating lease, the payments received by the lessor are usually not enough to 
allow the lessor to fully recover the cost of the asset. Secondly, the lessor 
maintains the asset and may also be responsible for any taxes or insurance. The 
third feature of an operating lease is the cancelation option. This option can give 
the lessee the right to cancel the lease before the expiration dat. 
A financial lease
  is the other major type of lease. In contrast to the 
situation  with an operating lease, the payments made under a financial lease 
(plus the anticipated residual value) are usually sufficient to fully cover the 
lessor’s cost of purchasing the assets and pay the lessor a return on the 
investment. With a financial lease,  the lessee (not the lessor) is usually 
responsible for insurance, maintenance, and taxes. 
A complete, or full lease
 assumes that the lessor is fully responsibility for 
maintenance or replacement of the leased asset.  A  sale and leaseback  occur 
when a company sells an asset it owns to another party and immediately leases it 
back. Often, with a sale and leaseback, the lessee may have the option to 
repurchase the leased asset at the end of the lease. This type of transactions first 
occurred in Russia back in the late 1980s — early 1990s. 
Depending on the time of concluding a lease, leasing contracts are dividing 
into two groups. Under an operating lease, an asset is hired by the lessee for a 
period that is substantially shorter than its useful economic life and must be 
returned to the lessor upon the termination of this contract. The latter has the 
right to re-lease the  asset. A financial lease  allows the lessee to buy out the 
leased asset upon expiration of the lease agreement. Moreover, the lessee shall 
pay the lessor the amount that covers the asset full depreciation, part  of the 
profits from the use of this equipment, as well as the real residual value of the 
leased asset.  For this reason, a financial lease is sometimes said to be a fully 
amortized or full-payout lease, whereas an operating lease is said to be partially 
amortized. 
The conclusion of a leasing contract means that the lessee can invest in a 
project, while the real financial costs are borne by the leasing company. This 
creates the conditions when  a time lag  between the moment of  capital 
investment  and the time of  receiving return  from the implemented investment 
project  becomes narrower.  It is a  good practice to provide tax benefits to the 
lessee  by  a  tax exemption of their  lease payments. Thus, it is possible to 
calculate after-tax income of the lessee received from financing transactions 
with the already created assets. 
For companies professionally involved in the leasing business, this type of 
commercial activity can be qualified as low-risk application of capital, as under 
a lease contract, the lessor retains the right of ownership of the hired asset and 
may  claim  to return the asset if the lessee committed a breach of contract. 
 
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Leasing opens new opportunities for manufacturers, expanding the market at the 
expense of customers who want to acquire equipment, but are unable to make 
lump-sum investment. In this case, the objects of leasing can be equipment, both 
new and used, which triggers  the  growth  of  those  industries of the  national 
economy that are engaged in servicing leases. 
When talking about leasing, it should be borne in mind that not any 
equipment is suitable for hiring. The current practice shows that this must be 
equipment with a wide range of usage and application. This is caused by a need 
to minimize the lessor’s risks. In the case of the lessee failure, the owner of the 
equipment, the lessor, will have more chances to offer this asset in the market, 
with minimum losses incurred. 
Leasing  has significant importance for developing economies. Currently, 
these countries are confronting the negative impact of the global financial crisis. 
Elsewhere  John Maynard  Keynes  recommended governmental intervention in 
the economy to counter the business cycle,  and centralized regulation of 
investment and other financial flows. Therefore, leasing can be beneficial for 
developing economies if governments  encourage this type  of  business by 
creating a favorable tax climate. 
State support of the leasing market may be not only in direct intervention in 
lease contracts, but also through the guarantee scheme of private investment in 
priority sectors of the national economy. In addition, the market of reused assets 
can be formed, which, on the one hand, will help receive the income from state 
property, and, on the other, will help develop national SMEs. 

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