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FRONTIER HUMOR AND REALISM
T
wo major literary currents in 19th-century America merged in Mark Twain: popular 
frontier humor and local color, or "regionalism." These related literary approaches began in the 
1830s -- and had even earlier roots in local oral traditions. In ragged frontier villages, on riverboats, 
in mining camps, and around cowboy campfires far from city amusements, storytelling flourished. 
Exaggeration, tall tales, incredible boasts, and comic workingmen heroes enlivened frontier 
literature. These humorous forms were found in many frontier regions -- in the "old Southwest" (the 
present-day inland South and the lower Midwest), the mining frontier, and the Pacific Coast. Each 
region had its colorful characters around whom stories collected: Mike Fink, the Mississippi 
riverboat brawler; Casey Jones, the brave railroad engineer; John Henry, the steel-driving African-
American; Paul Bunyan, the giant logger whose fame was helped along by advertising; westerners 
Kit Carson, the Indian fighter, and Davy Crockett, the scout. Their exploits were exaggerated and 
enhanced in ballads, newspapers, and magazines. Sometimes, as with Kit Carson and Davy 
Crockett, these stories were strung together into book form.
Twain, Faulkner, and many other writers, particularly southerners, are indebted to frontier 
pre-Civil War humorists such as Johnson Hooper, George Washington Harris, Augustus Longstreet, 
Thomas Bangs Thorpe, and Joseph Baldwin. From them and the American frontier folk came the 
wild proliferation of comical new American words: "absquatulate" (leave), "flabbergasted" 
(amazed), "rampagious" (unruly, rampaging). Local boasters, or "ring-tailed roarers," who asserted 
they were half horse, half alligator, also underscored the boundless energy of the frontier. They 
drew strength from natural hazards that would terrify lesser men. "I'm a regular tornado," one 
swelled, "tough as hickory and long-winded as a nor'wester. I can strike a blow like a falling tree, 
and every lick makes a gap in the crowd that lets in an acre of sunshine."

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