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13-Mavzu.
Activity of W. Faulkner, R.Pen, Worren, E.Potter, K.Vennegut, Selenger, Irving Show.
William Cuthbert Faulkner
(born
Falkner
, September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an
American writer and Nobel Prize laureate from Oxford, Mississippi. Faulkner worked in a
variety of media; he wrote novels, short stories, a play, poetry, essays and screenplays during his
career. He is primarily known and acclaimed for his novels and short stories, many of which are
set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha County, a setting Faulkner created based on Lafayette
County, where he spent most of his childhood.
Faulkner is considered one of the most important writers of the Southern literature of the
United States, along with Mark Twain, Robert Penn Warren, Flannery O'Connor, Truman Capote,
Eudora Welty, Thomas Wolfe, Harper Lee and Tennessee Williams. Though his work was
published as early as 1919, and largely during the 1920s and 1930s, Faulkner was relatively
unknown until receiving the 1949 Nobel Prize in Literature.
[2]
Two of his works,
A Fable
(1954)
and his last novel
The Reivers
(1962) won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.
[3]
In 1998, the Modern Library ranked his 1929 novel
The Sound and the Fury
sixth on its list
of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century; also on the list were 1930's
As I Lay
Dying
and
Light in August
(1932).
William Cuthbert Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi, the first of four sons to
Murry Cuthbert Faulkner (August 17, 1870 – August 7, 1932) and Maud Butler (November 27,
1871 – October 19, 1960).
[4]
He had three younger brothers: Murry Charles "Jack" Faulkner (June
26, 1899 – December 24, 1975), author John Faulkner (September 24, 1901 – March 28, 1963) and
Dean Swift Faulkner (August 15, 1907 – November 10, 1935).
Faulkner was born and raised in, and heavily influenced by, his home state of Mississippi,
as well as by the history and culture of the American South altogether. Only four days prior to his
fifth birthday, the Faulkner family settled in Oxford, Mississippi on September 21, 1902,
[4][5]
where
he resided on and off for the remainder of his life.
Family, particularly his mother Maud, his maternal grandmother Lelia Butler, and Caroline
Barr (the black woman who raised him from infancy) crucially influenced the development of his
artistic imagination: both his mother and grandmother were great readers and also painters and
photographers, educating him in visual language. His life-long education by Callie Barr is central to
his novels' preoccupations with the politics of sexuality and race.
[6]
In adolescence, Faulkner began
writing poetry almost exclusively. He did not write his first novel until 1925. His literary influences
are deep and wide. He once stated that he modeled his early writing on the Romantic era in late
18th century and early 19th century England.
[4]
He attended the University of Mississippi (Ole
Miss) in Oxford, and was a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon social fraternity. He enrolled at Ole
Miss in 1919, and attended three semesters before dropping out in November 1920.
From the early 1920s to the outbreak of World War II, when Faulkner left for California, he
published 13 novels and numerous short stories. This body of work formed the basis of his
reputation and led to him being awarded the Nobel Prize at age 52. This prodigious output, mainly
driven by an obscure writer's need for money, includes his most celebrated
novels
such as
The
Sound and the Fury
(1929),
As I Lay Dying
(1930),
Light in August
(1932), and
Absalom, Absalom!
(1936). Faulkner was also a prolific writer of short stories.
His first short story collection,
These 13
(1931), includes many of his most acclaimed (and
most frequently anthologized) stories, including "A Rose for Emily", "Red Leaves", "That Evening
Sun", and "Dry September". Faulkner set many of his short stories and novels in Yoknapatawpha
County
[21]
—based on, and nearly geographically identical to, Lafayette County, of which his
hometown of Oxford, Mississippi is the county seat. Yoknapatawpha was Faulkner's "postage
stamp", and the bulk of work that it represents is widely considered by critics to amount to one of
the most monumental fictional creations in the history of literature. Three novels,
The Hamlet
,
The
Town
and
The Mansion
, known collectively as the
Snopes Trilogy
, document the town of Jefferson
and its environs, as an extended family headed by Flem Snopes insinuates itself into the lives and
psyches of the general populace.
Faulkner was known for his experimental style with meticulous attention to diction and
cadence. In contrast to the minimalist understatement of his contemporary Ernest Hemingway,
Faulkner made frequent use of "stream of consciousness" in his writing, and wrote often highly
emotional, subtle, cerebral, complex, and sometimes Gothic or grotesque stories of a wide variety
of characters including former slaves or descendants of slaves, poor white, agrarian, or working-
class Southerners, and Southern aristocrats.
In an interview with
The Paris Review
in 1956, Faulkner remarked, "Let the writer take up surgery
or bricklaying if he is interested in technique. There is no mechanical way to get the writing done,
no shortcut. The young writer would be a fool to follow a theory. Teach yourself by your own
mistakes; people learn only by error. The good artist believes that nobody is good enough to give
him advice. He has supreme vanity. No matter how much he admires the old writer, he wants to
beat him." Another esteemed Southern writer, Flannery O'Connor, stated that "the presence alone of
Faulkner in our midst makes a great difference in what the writer can and cannot permit himself to
do. Nobody wants his mule and wagon stalled on the same track the Dixie Limited is roaring
down."
[
citation needed
]
Faulkner wrote two volumes of poetry which were published in small printings,
The Marble
Faun
(1924) and
A Green Bough
(1933), and a collection of crime-fiction short stories,
Knight's
Gambit
(1949)
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