N. V. Tatsenko introduction to theoretical phonetics of english

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(of [gd]) in [b^gd] or the [k] (of [kt]) in [b^kt] is usually without plosion and is therefore practically inaudible.
There are two types of final three-consonant cluster: the first is pre-final plus final plus post final:

		Pre-final	Final	Post-final
‘helped’	he	1	P	l
‘banks’	ba;	0	к	s
‘bonds’	bD	n	d	z
‘twelfth’	twe	1	f	0

The second type shows how more than one post-final consonant can occur in a final cluster: final plus post-final 1 plus post-final 2. Post-final 2 is again one of [s], [z], [t], [d],
[61
Pre-final Final Post-final i Post-final 2

N. V. Tatsenko 1
INTRODUCTION TO THEORETICAL PHONETICS OF ENGLISH 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS 3
UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE OF THEORETICAL PHONETICS 8
1.1.Phonetics as a Branch of Linguistics 8
1.2.Accents and Dialects 10
1.3.Branches of Phonetics and its Connection with Social 13
Sciences 13
THE LIST OF REFERENCES 22
QUESTIONS 24
PRACTICAL TASK 24
UNIT 2. THE PHONIC STRUCTURE OF A LANGUAGE AND ITS SPEECH ORGANS 24
2.1.The Components of the Phonic Structure of a Language 24
2.2.Speech Organs or Articulators 30
THE LIST OF REFERENCES 42
QUESTIONS 43
PRACTICAL TASK 44
THE EXERCISES FOR LIPS AND TONGUE 44
Exercises for Lips 44
Exercises for the Tongue 45
UNIT 3. THE SYSTEM OF ENGLISH PHONEMES 47
3.1.General Characteristics of Phonemes 47
l ^K 49
3.2.Notation 52
3.3.Methods of Phonological Analysis 55
3.4.Vowels and Consonants 59
Figure 3.5 - The system of English Sounds 63
THE LIST OF REFERENCES 64
PRACTICAL TASK 65
UNIT 4. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CONSONANTS 67
4.1.English Plosives 67
4.2.English Fricatives 72
4.3.English Affricates and Nasals 79
A 83
'longer' [Inga] 'longest' [lngast] 86
4.4.English Approximants (Liquids and Glides) 86
Figure 4.11 - Lateral approximant [1] 87
1) 'red' [red] 'arrive' [araiv] 'hearing' [hiariq] 91
2) 'car' [ka:] 'ever' [eva] 'here' [hia] 91
3) 'hard [ha:d] 'verse' [v3:s] 'cares' [keaz] 91
THE LIST OF REFERENCES 93
QUESTIONS 94
PRACTICAL TASK 95
UNIT 5. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGLISH VOWELS 96
5.1.Cardinal vowels 96
Figure 5.1 - Tongue positions for [i:] and [ж] 97
5.2.Vowels classification 99
1)length; 100
2)stability of articulation; 100
3)tongue position; 100
4)tenseness; 100
5)lip position. 100
Thus, there are five long vowels in English: 103
[ei] + [э] = [eia] [эи] + [э] = [эиэ] 109
[eia] 'layer', 'player' [эиэ] 'lower', 'mower' 110
THE LIST OF REFERENCES 116
QUESTIONS 117
PRACTICAL TASK 117
UNIT 6. ASPECTS OF CONNECTED SPEECH 119
6.1.Assimilation 119
'in the' [in дэ] ^ [щпэ] 121
'acts' [*ks] 'lookedback' [lok Ьжк] 'scripts' [skrips] 125
6.3.Linking 126
'here' [hia] but 'here are' [hiar a] 126
'Formula A' [fa :mj alar ei] 127
6.4.Modifications of Vowels 128
6.5.Stylistic Modifications of Sounds 130
THE LIST OF REFERENCES 133
QUESTIONS 134
PRACTICAL TASK 135
UNIT 7. SYLLABIC STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS 136
7.1.The Structure of the English Syllable 136
[61 141
1)by the position in the word: 150
2)by the position in relation to stress: 150
7.2.Syllable Division 151
THE LIST OF REFERENCES 161
QUESTIONS 162
PRACTICAL TASK 164
UNIT 8. ACCENTUAL STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH 165
WORDS 165
8.1.The Nature of Stress 165
8.2.Placement of Stress within the Word 172
THE LIST OF REFERENCES 190
QUESTIONS 191
PRACTICAL TASK 193
UNIT 9. GENERAL CHARACTER OF ENGLISH INTONATION 194
9.1.Structure and Functions of Intonation 194
Rise-fall Ayes лпо 203
Level _yes „no 204
9.2.Sentence Stress 210
9.3.Rhythm 212
1)listeners attend to stress and intonation and construct a 213
3)they segment the incoming stream of speech and find words that correspond to the stressed vowels and their adjacent consonants; 214
THE LIST OF REFERENCES 214
QUESTIONS 215
PRACTICAL TASK 216
UNIT 10. VARIETIES OF ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION 218
10.1.The Study of Variety 218
10.2.Geografical Variation 221
10.3.Other Sources of Variation 227
THE LIST OF REFERENCES 231
QUESTIONS 232
PRACTICAL TASK 233
Таценко Наталiя Вiталiiвна 235
ВСТУП ДО теоретично! фонетики АНГЛ1ЙСБКО1 МОВИ 235
Навчальний поабник 235