Māris kļaviņŠ, azamat azizov, JĀnis zaļoksnis environment, pollution, development: the case of uzbekistan



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environment-pollution-development-the-case-of-uzbekistan

Figure 3.7. 
River 
Amu Darya  
(www.flickr.com/photos/
joepyrek/3879372758/
sizes/o/in/
set-72157622084600263/)


32 
ENVIRONMENT, POLLUTION, DEVELOPMENT:  THE CASE OF UZBEKISTAN
and the Hindukush, where temperatures average below freezing in 
winter and annual precipitation may exceed 1015 mm. Mean monthly 
temperatures increase and precipitation decreases at lower elevations. 
In the lower reaches of the Amu Darya, mean annual precipitation 
is less than 100 mm, with mean July temperatures above 25 °C and 
mean January temperatures ranging between 0 °C and 10 °C.
Hydrologically,  therefore,  the  Amu  Darya  basin  consists  of 
two units: a mountainous zone of nourishment and a lowland zone 
of  depletion.  The  Amu  Darya’s  headwaters  rise  in  the  mountains 
of  Tajikistan  and  Afghanistan,  among  the  permanent  snows  and 
glaciers of the Pamirs, the Trans-Alay Range to the northwest, and 
the Hindukush, where elevations range from 5000 to 7000 m. The 
river’s two principal sources, the Vakhsh River and the Panj River, 
whose tributaries include the Pamir, follow a westerly course.
The Amu Darya’s flow increases from March to May, when snow 
melts on the plains and rainfall increases, and the flow is further 
augmented in summer as the ice and snow of the mountain ranges 
melt. The flow gradually abates from September to February. During 
winter, ice forms along the banks of the river’s upper reaches, and its 
lower sections may freeze completely for more than two months. As 
the ice floes begin to disperse in February and March, they jam the 
river downstream, forming a natural dam. These dams sometimes 
burst catastrophically and cause major flooding. In its upper course 
the river’s flow is stable; in its lower course it is much less so. The 
river’s sediment load is high.

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