Māris kļaviņŠ, azamat azizov, JĀnis zaļoksnis environment, pollution, development: the case of uzbekistan



Download 12,33 Mb.
Pdf ko'rish
bet17/281
Sana31.12.2021
Hajmi12,33 Mb.
#233768
1   ...   13   14   15   16   17   18   19   20   ...   281
Bog'liq
environment-pollution-development-the-case-of-uzbekistan

Figure 3.2. 
Hydrological 
cycle


24 
ENVIRONMENT, POLLUTION, DEVELOPMENT:  THE CASE OF UZBEKISTAN
The particles formed from the impact of cosmic radiation can also 
cause water condensation. The condensation processes take place at 
the upper layers of the atmo sphere as well as on the Earth’s surface. 
Precipitation occurs in a variety of forms, including rain, snow and 
hail. When water evaporates in the atmo sphere, it becomes subject 
to the atmo spheric diffusion. Consequently, the water vapour, which 
is mostly formed above the surface of seas and oceans, can be 
carried to great distances along with the movement of air masses, 
until it finally falls out on the continents as well.
Atmo spheric  precipitation  can  form  a  snow  cover,  it  can  be 
assimi lated by plants or absorbed in the soil, replenishing the under-
ground water resources. Furthermore, one of the most important 
water movements is its accumulation in river basins and subsequent 
surface  runoff  with  rivers.  With  this,  the  water  cycle  is  complete. 
Water can stay in each of the abovementioned environ ments for a 
different  period  of  time  (water  residence  time).  The  duration  of  a 
water turnover period depends on the mass of water in the respective 
environ ment (for example, oceans contain most of the water mass 
that undergoes the hydrological cycle) and on the intensity of 
processes that the water is subject to in the respective environ ment. 
The duration of the period in which water completes a full cycle in 
the  oceans  and  seas  is  estimated  as  approximately  4000  years;  in 
lakes – approximately 10 years; for underground waters – from a few 
weeks to 10 000 years; for glaciers – from 100 to 10 000 years; in the 
atmo sphere – approximately 10 days.
An  essential  factor  for  the  hydrological  cycle  is  the  character 
of the largest water mass – the World Ocean, particularly its water 
currents. Currents on the ocean surface are generated by the inter-
action of wind, the Earth’s rotation (the Coriolis force) and thermal 
factors. The warm water surface currents move a huge amount of 
heat energy from the tropical zones of the World Ocean to the tem-
pe rate and arid climatic zones. In effect, the climate becomes much 
milder in vast areas of dry land. The cold currents, in turn, chill the 
tropical regions.
1960
1975
2000
2030
2060
Agriculture
Industry
Public utilities
km
3
20 000
10 000
25 000
15 000
5000

Download 12,33 Mb.

Do'stlaringiz bilan baham:
1   ...   13   14   15   16   17   18   19   20   ...   281




Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©hozir.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling

kiriting | ro'yxatdan o'tish
    Bosh sahifa
юртда тантана
Боғда битган
Бугун юртда
Эшитганлар жилманглар
Эшитмадим деманглар
битган бодомлар
Yangiariq tumani
qitish marakazi
Raqamli texnologiyalar
ilishida muhokamadan
tasdiqqa tavsiya
tavsiya etilgan
iqtisodiyot kafedrasi
steiermarkischen landesregierung
asarlaringizni yuboring
o'zingizning asarlaringizni
Iltimos faqat
faqat o'zingizning
steierm rkischen
landesregierung fachabteilung
rkischen landesregierung
hamshira loyihasi
loyihasi mavsum
faolyatining oqibatlari
asosiy adabiyotlar
fakulteti ahborot
ahborot havfsizligi
havfsizligi kafedrasi
fanidan bo’yicha
fakulteti iqtisodiyot
boshqaruv fakulteti
chiqarishda boshqaruv
ishlab chiqarishda
iqtisodiyot fakultet
multiservis tarmoqlari
fanidan asosiy
Uzbek fanidan
mavzulari potok
asosidagi multiservis
'aliyyil a'ziym
billahil 'aliyyil
illaa billahil
quvvata illaa
falah' deganida
Kompyuter savodxonligi
bo’yicha mustaqil
'alal falah'
Hayya 'alal
'alas soloh
Hayya 'alas
mavsum boyicha


yuklab olish