Māris kļaviņŠ, azamat azizov, JĀnis zaļoksnis environment, pollution, development: the case of uzbekistan

Figure 11.9. 
NO
x
 
emissions and 
projections in Denmark 
(a) and Latvia (b)
Reporting by the 
Member States under 
Directive 2001/81/EC of 
the European Parliament 
and of the Council of 
23 October 2001 on 
national emission ceilings 
for certain atmospheric 
pollutants.

---

11. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: LEGISLATION, POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS
 263
Sometimes the environ mental monitoring information – which 
is  an  essential  part  of  the  environ mental  information  system  –  is 
stored  in  various  institutions,  in  the  databases  of  different  size 
and accessibility or only on paper. This factor makes it difficult for 
the  interested  persons  –  the  public,  decision-makers,  experts  –  to 
obtain and use this information for environ mental problem-solving 
or decision-making. Unfortunately, it is often impossible to know 
whether the monitoring data are being aggregated and made 
available.
Environ mental monitoring is divided into the environ mental 
situation, environ mental policy implementation and early warning 
monitoring.
The environ mental situation monitoring consists of systematic 
ob ser vations carried out in different natural environ ments in order 
to detect and assess changes caused by natural processes or anthro-
po genic impacts. This includes the monitoring of emission, spreading 
and concentration of pollutants and assessment of the status of eco-
systems, including the Development of proposals for ecosystem 
quality improvement. The monitoring of environ mental situation is 
carried out regularly in order to obtain information on environ mental 
conditions  and  changes,  and  also,  in  specific  cases,  to  assess  the 
environ mental condition changes after an accident or after the imple-
men tation of an environ mental protection programme or to obtain 
infor mation on the environ mental impact of a particular object.
The policy implementation monitoring is a systematic assessment 
of  environ mental  changes  effected  through  the  implementation  of 
environ mental policy measures. This is one of the key elements in 
the Development of environ mental policy and assessment of its 
effectiveness  as  it  helps  to  ascertain  the  causes  which  impede  the 
attainment of environ mental quality targets in conformity with the 
environ mental quality regulations and standards.
The main functions of the early warning monitoring is early 
detection of dangerous changes in environ mental quality, fast-track 
provision of information and making of short-term forecasts.
The execution of an environ mental monitoring programme 
is coordinated by the state institution of appropriate level. This 
institution is also responsible for public access to the information 
on pollutants and monitoring results on the Internet. In addition, 
it prepares and provides the required information for the European 
Environ ment Agency and the European Commission.
Each part of the programme provides information on such 
aspects as monitoring objectives, legislation stipulating the need 
for monitoring, criteria for environ 
mental quality assessment, 
indicators, priorities and funding necessary for the execution of the 
programme.
The implementation of 
the programme helps 
to avoid duplication 
in the environmental 
monitoring work, when 
several institutions 
perform similar functions 
for limited state budget 
funds. The environmental 
monitoring programme 
also ensures monitoring 
in the areas which 
are important at both 
national and EU levels. 
These programmes 
primarily consist of the 
following components: 
 
Œ air monitoring,
 
Œ water monitoring,
 
Œ soil and land surface 
overgrow monitoring,
 
Œ biodiversity monitoring,
 
Œ radioactive 
contamination 
monitoring,
 
Œ climate change 
monitoring.

---

264 
ENVIRONMENT, POLLUTION, DEVELOPMENT:  THE CASE OF UZBEKISTAN
Furthermore, each part of the programme consists of moni toring 
subprogrammes. Each subprogramme contains such data as the 
monitoring network description, inspection schedule, para me ters to 
be determined, actual and potential methods to be used, Develop ment 
tasks, necessary maintenance costs and invest ments. The executor 
of  the  specific  monitoring  programme  part  creates  and  main tains 
one’s own monitoring data processing system in accord ance with the 
legislative requirements for national infor mation systems.
Environ mental monitoring information is structu red according 
to the principle of causality, grouping the data in a logical five-phase 
model: driving force – load – con dition – impact – action.