Māris kļaviņŠ, azamat azizov, JĀnis zaļoksnis environment, pollution, development: the case of uzbekistan


Variability of the greenhouse gas concentrations in the



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environment-pollution-development-the-case-of-uzbekistan

Variability of the greenhouse gas concentrations in the 
atmosphere and its effect on the Earth’s energy balance
Greenhouse gas
Gas concentration in 
the atmosphere, parts 
per trillion
Emission 
per year
Lifetime in the 
atmosphere, 
years
1998
1750
Carbon dioxide CO
2
*
365
278
26.4 GT
1
Methane CH
4
**
1745
700
600 Tg
8.4
Nitrogen(I) oxide N
2
O**
314
270
16.4 Tg N
120
Perfluorethane C
2
F
6
3
0
~2 Gg
10 000
Freon 11 CFCl
3
268
0
45
Freon 23 CHF
3
14
0
~7 Gg
260
* Concentration expressed in parts per million.
** Concentration expressed in parts per billion. 
A characteristic feature of many greenhouse gases is their high 
stability with respect to the duration until they are chemically 
bound or emitted from the atmo sphere (Table 4.3). Water vapour 
is removed from the atmo sphere relatively quickly in the form of 

Hereinafter the concentration of greenhouse gases is expressed in number of 
parts  by  volume  (part-per  notation)  –  correspondingly:  ppm  –  parts  per mil-
lion; ppb – parts per billion; ppt – parts per trillion. This concentration notation 
shows the amount of substance per air volume. For example, 300 ppm means 
that a million of gas molecules in the air contains 300 molecules of the respec-
tive greenhouse gas or that a million air volume units (for example, cubic centi-
metres) contains 300 cm
3
 of the respective gas.
 
Peta
 
(P) – 10
15
 
Tera (T) – 10
12
 
Giga (G) – 10
9
 
 
Milli (m) – 10
–3 
 
Micro (µ) – 10
–6 
 
Nano (n) – 10
–9


64 
ENVIRONMENT, POLLUTION, DEVELOPMENT:  THE CASE OF UZBEKISTAN
atmo 
spheric precipitation. Methane oxidises photochemically 
into carbon dioxide and water. Carbon dioxide dissolves in water. 
Nitrogen(I) oxide (N
2
O) is particularly stable. Many substances 
released into the atmo sphere due to human activity – for example, 
freons – are exceptionally stable, and they will influence the atmo-
spheric processes for a very long time.
Different  greenhouse  gases  can  differently  affect  the  Earth’s 
climate in view of both their capacity to reflect infrared radiation 
and their concentration in the atmo sphere. If we express the 
potential effect of CO
2
 on the Earth’s climate by 1 unit of measure, 
the relative potential of other substances that cause greenhouse 
effect to influence the Earth’s temperature balance is significantly 
higher: for methane (CH
4
) it would be 11, for nitrogen(I) oxide 
(N
2
O) – 270 and for freon 11 (CF
3
Cl) – 3 400. Knowing the amounts 
of radiation emitted by greenhouse gases, it is possible to forecast 
what kind of changes the increase in their concentrations in the 
atmo sphere will bring about and what their overall influence will be 
(Figure 4.18, Table 4.3).
Stable
greenhouse
gases
Ozone
Water vapour in 
the stratosphere
Surface albedo
Aerosols
Direct 
influence
Cloud 
albedo 
changes
Solar radiation
Total
human activity
Stratosphere
Changes in 
land use
Halogenated 
hydrocarbons
Troposphere
Solar radiation 
intensity value
(W m
-2
)
Solar radiation intensity (W m
-2
)
 

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