Māris kļaviņŠ, azamat azizov, JĀnis zaļoksnis environment, pollution, development: the case of uzbekistan

Figure 11.1. 
German 
Parliament (Reichstag) 
building in Berlin
The dedication Dem 
Deutschen Volke, meaning 
‘For the German people’, 
can be seen on the 
architrave.

---

236 
ENVIRONMENT, POLLUTION, DEVELOPMENT:  THE CASE OF UZBEKISTAN
The desired behaviour can be achieved with two kinds of 
methods, working as a ‘pie’ or a ‘whip’. The ‘pie’ strategy means 
that the law stimulates the implementation of environ ment-friendly 
behaviour in a way that compliance with environ mental protection 
requirements is beneficial. The ‘whip’ strategy, in contrast, provides 
for measures impeding specific actions. These measures have to be 
such that the disadvantageous consequences of environ mentally 
unfriendly actions would inhibit people from these actions. The 
‘whip’ strategy is most commonly used in the provisions that impose 
penalties or other coercive measures for non-compliance with 
environ mental protection requirements.
Usually, environ mental law drafts are developed by executive 
powers or politicians, adopted by the legislator and implemented 
by specialised state or municipal environ 
mental protection 
authorities, whereas courts exercise control over the compliance 
with these laws. Unlike it is with other social norms, the 
compliance with legal provisions can be enforced by compulsion. 
Therefore, only the law has a specific implementation process – the 
legal provision.
Legal provision is a mechanism for ensuring the compliance with 
legal  provisions  or  their  fulfilment.  In  order  to  make  this  process 
work,  the  state  has  created  relevant  institutions  (authorities)  – 
courts,  police,  prosecutor’s  office,  specialised  state  environ mental 
departments – which have been granted a monopoly of coercion. The 
coercion mechanism grants the state (the law enforcement bodies) 
the lawful right to apply coercive measures against the violators 
or non-observers of the law. The coercive measures themselves are 
established by the law, and they are quite different.
The state has the right to monitor the compliance with environ-
men tal legislation. Such control can be exercised by state envi-
ronmen tal inspectors. If non-conformities with the requirements 
of en viron mental legislation are found during inspections, state 
environ mental inspectors may, for example, issue binding in junct-
ions (administrative acts) for temporary suspension of the company’s 
operations, draw up statements of the cases for less grievous (ad mi-
ni strative) violations and impose statutory administrative penalties 
for  these  violations.  Although  the  law  also  provides  for  criminal 
liability for environ mental legislation offences, in practice the en-
vi ron mental  regulatory  violations  are  classified  primarily  as  less 
serious violations. The most common punishment for environ mental 
violation is an administrative fine, whose amount is usually fixed by 
the law.
If it is economically more profitable for a company to pay fines 
and com pensate for environ mental damage instead of continual 
con form ity with environ mental protections requirements, such a 

---

11. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: LEGISLATION, POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS
 237
situation  is  in di ca tive  of  the  inefficiency  of  the  legislator’s  chosen 
‘whip’ strategy, as it does not promote the compliance with these 
requirements.