Māris kļaviņŠ, azamat azizov, JĀnis zaļoksnis environment, pollution, development: the case of uzbekistan

part)  and  the  sulfato-,  sulphonato-,  phosphate  –  or  carboxy 
groups. This is the most important group of surface-active 
agents, used in manufacturing both liquid and solid detergents. 
This group of surfactants comprises:
 
Š
soaps, such as sodium stearate CH
3
(CH
2
)
16
COO
– 
Na
+
;
 
Š
sulphonated aromatic or linear hydrocarbons, for example, 
C
12
H
25
(C
6
H
4
)SO
3
– 
Na
+
, C
15
H
31
SO
3
– 
Na
+
;
 
Š
higher alcohol sulphates such as sodium dodecyl sulphate, 
C
12
H
25
OSO
3
– 
Na
+
;
 
Š
higher alcohol phosphates;
2. Cationic  SAA,  whose  molecules  consist  of  a  hydrophobic 
hydrocarbon residue and the grouping bearing ammonium ions. 
The application sphere of this surfactant group is relatively 
limited, but these substances are used as a disinfectant and 
antiseptic components in detergents.
3. Non-ionic SAA, in whose molecules hydrophilic residue is made 
up by ethylene glycol residue. This group of surfactants can 
be obtained by treating alcohols, fatty acids and phenols with 
ethylene oxide or ethylene chlorohydrin.
In addition to synthetic surfactants, there are also many 
natural substances that can be used as detergents, such as casein, 
saponins, lecithin, lanolin derivatives, and polysaccharides. 
 
  Surfactants  –  synthetic  detergents  –  today  are  considered  one 
of the most important groups of substances whose production is 
constantly increasing. After the use of these substances, they enter 
the treatment facilities.
Under the biological treatment conditions, SAA decompose far 
more slowly than the natural detergents – fatty acids and their salts, 
and the decomposition process consumes large amounts of oxygen. 
In addition, the breakdown products invest the water with an 
unpleasant taste and odour, as well as cause foaming. Of the three 
types of SAAs the most toxic are the cationic surfactants.