of culture and therefore the function is investigated in cultural context. Thus phraseology has entered the sphere of sociolinguists. One of the best definitions of phraseological units is as follows: it is a stable, coherent combination of words with partially or fully figurative meaning. Phraseology was developed in the twentieth century. It took its start when Charles Bally’s notion of “locution phraseologies entered Russian lexicology and lexicography in the 1930s and 1940s and was developed in the former Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries. At that time phraseology is a main branch of linguistics and a plenty of scientists do research on this sphere. Phraseological units reflect the wealth of a language displaying cultural paradigms and structure of the speakers of a particular language. They reflect cultural archetypes of an ethno- linguistic community and help to make explicit the peculiarities of its world perception. Phraseological units as the particular units of language came into the focus of linguist’s attention in the beginning of the 20th century and this word combination became the object of scientific investigation. For the first time the phraseology as an independent linguistic science in the 20th years of the 20th century was allocated by an outstanding Russian scientist V.V.Vinogradov. He studied the phraseological units in respect of speech activity; he has defined the object, the structure of the science and phraseology volume. V.V.Vinogradov defines phraseological unit as the basic object of phraseology. History shows that the creative practice of writers normally was successful in case when author developed meaning of words according to the rules of internal language development. The impact of internal rules of language development reveals the fact that alongside with direct meanings figurative meanings also appear as a result of metaphorization process. Development of meanings of words can be vividly traced in the phraseological innovations of writers, in which words put into new and unusual contacts assume quite different meanings. As Russian scientist V.V.Vingradov mentioned: “it is quite necessary to dwell on the nature of enriching and complicating meanings of the words belonging to the lexicon of language, as the semantic development of the lexicon words is related to 288
enriching standard language phraseology”. Formation and extension of figurative meanings in the words belonging to the lexicon result in creating phraseological units included into the lexicon of language. When we glance to history of literature there some sources, mythology or the Bible begin to be used as a self-contained unit, it may also lose all connection with the original context and as a result of this become non motivated. The phraseological unit the green-eyed monster (jealously) can be easily found as a part of the quotation from Shakespeare “it is the green-eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on”. In modern English, however, it functions as a non- motivated self- contained phraseological unit and is also used to denote the T.V. set, Achilles heel - “the weak spot in a man’s circumstances or character” can be traced back to mythology, but it seems that in Modern English this word group functions as a phraseological unit largely because most English speakers do not connect it with the myth from which it was extracted. The meaning of phraseology is not deduced from the value of the sum of its elements, but is determined by rethinking. This is because the phraseological phrase is not a free phrase, but one of its main properties is reproducibility. So the free combinations are the expressions ‘white snow’, ‘black pen’, ‘yellow pencil’, which are created from separate words in the process of communication, at the same time, the expressions ‘white lie’, ‘black gold’, ‘black market’, ‘yellow papers’ are PU that are retrieved from the memory just like individual words. Any violation in the syntactic or semantic structure of these phraseological unit irreparably leads to the loss of their meaning. All in all, phraseology is the most interesting part of linguistics and day by day a great deal of linguists is solving issues on this sphere. A list of literature:
Allerton Derek J. The Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Status of Proper Names. // Journal of Pragmatics. - 1997. - № 11. - Р. 61-92
