Morphological structure of a word. Classification of Morphemes

3. Modern English phraseology.
The basic features of word-groups are the lexical valency and the grammatical valency. Words are used in certain lexical context, i.e. in combinations with other words. E.g. the noun “question” is often combined with such adjectives as vital, pressing, urgent, etc. this noun is a component of other word-groups. E.g. to raise a question (not to lift a question of the hour). The aptness (готовность) of a word to appear in various combinations is described as its lexical valency. The range of the lexical valency of words is delimited by the inner structure of the E. words. Thus “to raise” and “to lift” are synonyms but only the former is collocated with the noun. Words habitually collocative in speech tend to form a cliché. The lexical valency in different languages is not identical because it depends on the inner stricture of the vocabulary. E.g. both the E. “flower” and the R. “цветок” may be combined with a number of similar words (garden flowers / hot house flowers – садовые цветы/оранжерейные цветы). But “pot flowers” – “комнатные цветы”.
The aptness of a word to appear in specific grammatical (or other syntactical structures) is called grammatical valency. E.g. the adjective “heavy” can be followed by a known: heavy food, heavy storm, heavy box, but we can not say heavy to lift, to carry. The gr. valency of words may be different. It is delimited by the part of speech the word belongs to. E.g no E. adjective can be followed by a finite form of a verb. The gr. val-cy is also delimited by the inner structure of the language. E.g. “to suggest” – “to propose”. Both can be followed by a noun but only “to propose” can be followed by the infinitive – “to propose to do smth”.

Structure of word-groups

The word-groups may be classified:

1. 
   according to their head-words:
   

nominal group (red flower), adjective group (kind to people), verbal group (to speak well).

2. 
   according to their syntactical pattern:
   
   • 
     predicative (such word-groups as “he went” that have a syntactic structure similar to that of a sentence),
     
   • 
     non-predicative (all others).
     

Non-predicative word-groups depending on the type of syntactic relations between the components are divided into:

• 
  Subordinative (“a red flower”, “red” is dependent word)
  
• 
  Coordinative (“day and night”, “do and die”)