Morphological structure of a word. Classification of Morphemes

According to degree of semantic independence of stems: subordinated (the head member is in the 2^nd component): a speedometer; coordinated (both stems are semantically important, both words are structural and semantic centers): reduplicative (they are made up by repetition of the same word, fifty-fifty, bye-bye), phonetically varieties rhythmic twin forms (zig-zag).
According to the structure compounds are divided into: neutral (that is formed by simple placing of one stem after another without any linking element: a flowerbed, a shopwindow); morphological compounds (with a linking element such as afroasian; speedometer; sportsman, salesman); syntactic (are formed from segments of speech: articles, prepositions, adverbs: man-of-war, up-to-date).
According to the types of stems: derivational (one of the stems is derived: babysitter); compounds proper (one of the stem is shortened or contracted: bedroom, fbi-aqgent).

Shortening is the way of formation of new words by means of substituting a part of a word for a whole.

Shortening may be of 2 types: graphical is used in written speech: in letters, scientific books, newspaper, articles, … : Mr & Mrs, Dr, St, rd,…; Graphical obriation are formed 2 different ways: Initial shortening (a.m., p.m.) & syllabar shortening.

Lexical is used in both: written & oral speech.

Ways of reading: as separate words (& they are substituted by words & phrases they represent ); as one word (FBI, MP); as a succession of a sound denoting by the constituent parts: UN.
Among lexical shortening we should distinguish between lexical Abbreviation, Proper, clipping, blending & ellipses.
Clipping consists in the cutting off of one or several syllables of a word. Types of clipping: initial clipping (phone>–TELEPHONE), final (go to the disco--- disco), middle (Maths), mix (detective ---tec).
Ellipses is clipping of a word or words in a phrase when the remaining part keeps the lex. meaning of whole phrase (pub=public house); a sit-down.
Blending is compounding by means of clipped words: medicare=medical care; yaden=yard+garden, Oxbridge.