Morphological construction of the words Morphemes and Words word



Download 10,28 Kb.
Sana14.04.2023
Hajmi10,28 Kb.
#928007
Bog'liq
Morphological construction of the words

Morphological construction of the words

Morphemes and Words

WORD

  • particular meaning
  • particular sound form
  • capable of a particular grammatical employment
  • able to form a sentence
  • autonomous

MORPHEME

  • particular meaning
  • particular sound form
  • not autonomous
  • constituent part of a word
  • not divisible into smaller meaningful units

Words are subdivided into two classes:

Non-segmentable

  • (to) teach
  • (to) bear
  • drive

Segmentable

  • teacher, teaching
  • unbearable
  • driver

ALLOMORPHS

  • Variants of one and the same morpheme
  • e.g. poor – poverty

    south – southern

    wide - width

Complementary distribution (allomorphs)

  • Two linguistic variants cannot appear in the same environment
  • E.g. –ion/-sion/-tion/-ation
  • im-/il-/ir-/in- (impossible/ illegal/irresistible/indirect

    long - lengh

Contrastive distribution (morphemes)

  • Two language units can appear in the same environment
  • They signal different meanings
  • E.g. –able (measurable)
  • -ed (measured)

FREE morphemes

  • Coincide with a word-form
  • May stand alone without changing its meaning
  • Can be only roots
  • E.g. sport- in sportive

BOUND morphemes

  • Do not coincide with separate word-forms
  • Occur only as a constituent part of words
  • Are mostly derivational morphemes
  • E.g. –ive in sportive;
  • eleg- and -ant in elegant

A ROOT MORPHEME

  • is a lexical center of a word
  • has an individual lexical meaning common to a set of semantically related words (word-family)
  • e.g. to write, writer, writing

A ROOT MORPHEME

  • does not possess a part-of-speech meaning
  • e.g. cold water, to water flowers

  • is often homonymous to words
  • e.g. find, bear, land, man

  • is an ultimate constituent at a morphological level of analysis

A STEM

  • is what remains of a word when a derivational or functional affix is removed from the word
  • e.g. hearty, heart - hearts

A STEM

  • expresses lexical and part-of-speech meaning
  • e.g. develop- (verbal stem) + -ment = development (noun stem)

A STEM

  • remains unchanged throughout a word’s paradigm
  • e.g. heartyheartier – (the) heartiest;

    to askasks – asked – asked- asking;

    singersinger’s – singers – singers’

FUNCTIONAL AFFIXES

  • Convey grammatical meaning
  • e.g. –s –the plural of nouns – boys

    -er comparative degree of adjectives - smaller

FUNCTIONAL AFFIXES

  • build different forms of one and the same word (a word-form)
  • e.g. boy- boys, boy’s – boys’;

    take – takes;

    hearty – heartier – (the) heartiest

DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES

  • build new words
  • e.g. to teach - a teacher

  • have a part-of-speech meaning
  • e.g. to change – changeable

    to organize – organization

  • are dependent on the root they modify (bound)

A SUFFIX

  • a derivational morpheme
  • follows the stem or root
  • forms a new derived word in a different part of speech or a different word class
  • e.g. heart – hearty, heartless, hearten

A PREFIX

  • a derivational morpheme
  • stands before the root or stem
  • modifies the word meaning
  • e.g. hearten – dishearten

AN INFIX

  • is placed within the word
  • e.g. stand

    to-us-ward (toward us)

A SEMI-AFFIX

  • occupies an intermediate position between roots and affixes
  • is a root morpheme which functions as a derivational affix
  • e.g. well-done, well-fed

    fireman, spaceman

    ill-dressed, ill-housed

    lady-like, business-like

CLASSIFICATION OF AFFIXES

  • Native & borrowed (e.g. sleepy – actor)
  • Productive & non-productive (e.g. disappoint – childhood)
  • Frequent & non-frequent (e.g. harmful)
  • Noun-forming, adjective-forming, etc. (e.g. mobster, awake, untie, etc.)

CLASSIFICATION OF AFFIXES

  • transpositive (change the lexico-grammatical meaning of the word) & non-transpositive (do not change the lexico-grammatical meaning)
  • e.g. non- + stop (v.) = non-stop (adj.)

    employ (v.) + -ee = employee (n.)

CLASSIFICATION OF AFFIXES

  • polysemantic (possess several connected meanings) & monosemantic (possess only one meaning)
  • e.g. un- 1) to reverse action: untie

    2) to deprive of: unhive, unearth

    -less, without: colorless

ANALYSIS INTO IMMEDIATE CONSTITUENTS (анализ по непосредственным составляющим)

Ungentlemanly

  • Un- + gentlemanly (unnatural, untimely)
  • Un- +gentleman- + -ly (womanly, masterly)
  • Un- + gentle- + -man- + -ly (noble)
  • Un- + -gent- + -le- + -man- + -ly

STRUCTURAL TYPES OF WORDS

MONOMORPHIC WORDS

  • Simple words (root words) = one root morpheme + (functional affix)
  • e.g. seldom, dog, asked, chairs

POLYMORPHIC WORDS

  • Affixed (derived) words or derivatives = one root morpheme + one or more derivational affixes + (functional affix)
  • e.g. acceptable, outdo, dislikes, discouragement

POLYMORPHIC WORDS

  • Compound words = two or more root morphemes + (functional affix)
  • e.g. baby-moons, eye-ball, stick-and-carrot (policy)

POLYMORPHIC WORDS

  • Compound-affixed words (derivational compounds or compound derivatives) = two or more root morphemes + one or more derivational affixes + (functional affix)
  • e.g. job-hopper, pen-holder, light-mindedness


Download 10,28 Kb.

Do'stlaringiz bilan baham:




Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©hozir.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling

kiriting | ro'yxatdan o'tish
    Bosh sahifa
юртда тантана
Боғда битган
Бугун юртда
Эшитганлар жилманглар
Эшитмадим деманглар
битган бодомлар
Yangiariq tumani
qitish marakazi
Raqamli texnologiyalar
ilishida muhokamadan
tasdiqqa tavsiya
tavsiya etilgan
iqtisodiyot kafedrasi
steiermarkischen landesregierung
asarlaringizni yuboring
o'zingizning asarlaringizni
Iltimos faqat
faqat o'zingizning
steierm rkischen
landesregierung fachabteilung
rkischen landesregierung
hamshira loyihasi
loyihasi mavsum
faolyatining oqibatlari
asosiy adabiyotlar
fakulteti ahborot
ahborot havfsizligi
havfsizligi kafedrasi
fanidan bo’yicha
fakulteti iqtisodiyot
boshqaruv fakulteti
chiqarishda boshqaruv
ishlab chiqarishda
iqtisodiyot fakultet
multiservis tarmoqlari
fanidan asosiy
Uzbek fanidan
mavzulari potok
asosidagi multiservis
'aliyyil a'ziym
billahil 'aliyyil
illaa billahil
quvvata illaa
falah' deganida
Kompyuter savodxonligi
bo’yicha mustaqil
'alal falah'
Hayya 'alal
'alas soloh
Hayya 'alas
mavsum boyicha


yuklab olish