An important lesson from the subprime financial crisis is that central banks and
other regulators should not have a laissez-faire attitude and let credit-driven bub-
bles proceed without any reaction. Appropriate macroprudential regulation can
help limit credit-driven bubbles and improve the performance of both the finan-
cial system and the economy.
B A N K O F C A N A DA P O L I CY P RO C E D U R E S : H I STO R I C A L
P E RS P E C T I V E
The well-known adage The road to hell is paved with good intentions applies
as much to the Bank of Canada as it does to human beings. Understanding a cen-
tral bank s goals and the strategies it can use to pursue them cannot tell us how
monetary policy is actually conducted. To understand the practical results of the
theoretical underpinnings, we have to look at how the Bank of Canada has actu-
ally conducted policy in the past. This historical perspective not only will show us
how our central bank carries out its duties but also will help us interpret the Bank s
activities and see where Canadian monetary policy may be heading in the future.
From the end of World War II in 1945 until the early 1970s, the world economy oper-
ated under a system of fixed exchange rates, known as the Bretton Woods system (to
be discussed in detail in Chapter 20). Initially, Canada opted out of this system, but
joined in 1962 and participated with the exchange rate fixed at 92.5 U.S. cents. Even
before 1962, Canadian monetary policy had been driven by the goal of maintaining
a stable exchange rate with the United States and the Bank of Canada therefore kept
short-term interest rates more or less in step with U.S. interest rates. This meant that
short-term interest rates, or the differential between U.S. and Canadian rates, were the
intermediate target of monetary policy. As a result, inflation rates and interest rates fol-
lowed generally similar patterns in the two countries (see, for example, Figure 18-6).
In 1971, Canada switched to a flexible exchange rate regime, but the Bank of
Canada continued to adjust short-term interest rates to keep the foreign exchange
and domestic bonds markets functioning smoothly, and paid no attention to the
growth rate of money. As a result, monetary policy was quite expansionary in the
early 1970s and the inflation rate increased to double digits
in fact, the price level
increased by 11% in 1974 compared to only 3% in 1971. By the mid-1970s there
was little doubt that one consequence of the policy of using interest rates as the
intermediate target was that the Bank of Canada did not concern itself with the
rate of growth of the money supply, as measured by the monetary aggregates.
By the end of this period there was also a wide consensus among central
banks around the world that fluctuations in money contained useful information
about income and prices. This evidence contributed to the rise of
monetarism,
a theory that emphasizes a steady, predictable rate of growth in the monetary
aggregates, to be discussed in Chapter 24. It led the Bank of Canada and many
other central banks, including the Federal Reserve, the Bank of England, the
Bundesbank, the Swiss National Bank, and the Bank of Japan, to adopt key mon-
etary aggregates as the intermediate targets of monetary policy.
In response to rising inflation in the early 1970s, in 1975 the Bank of Canada intro-
duced a program of monetary gradualism, under which M1 growth would be con-
trolled within a gradually falling target range (see Table 18-2). The change in
monetary strategy did not extend to a change in operating procedures the Bank
continued to use an interest rate as its operating target. The idea was to announce
C H A P T E R 1 8
The Conduct of Monetary Policy: Strategy and Tactics
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