cost advantages on the liabilities side of the balance sheet for Canadian banks is
by a decline in income advantages on the assets side from the financial innova-
these innovations has resulted in a loss of market share and has led to the growth
of the shadow banking system, which has made use of these innovations to enable
borrowers to bypass the traditional banking system.
We have seen that improvements in information technology have made it eas-
ier for firms to issue securities directly to the public. This has meant that instead
of going to banks to finance short-term credit needs, many of the banks best busi-
ness customers now find it cheaper to go instead to the commercial paper market
for funds.
Also, the emergence of the junk bond market has eaten into banks loan business.
Improvements in information technology have made it easier for corporations to sell
their bonds to the public directly, thereby bypassing banks. Although well-established
companies started taking this route in the 1970s, now lower-quality corporate bor-
rowers are using banks less often because they have access to the junk bond market.
We have also seen that improvements in computer technology have led to
securitization, whereby illiquid financial assets such as bank loans and mortgages are
transformed into marketable securities. Computers enable other financial institutions
to originate loans because they can now accurately evaluate credit risk with statisti-
cal methods, while computers have lowered transaction costs, making it possible to
bundle these loans and sell them as securities. When default risk can be easily eval-
uated with computers, banks no longer have an advantage in making loans. Without
their former advantages, banks have lost loan business to other financial institutions
even though the banks themselves are involved in the process of securitization.
BANKS RESPONSES
Canadian banks have sought to maintain former profit lev-
els by pursuing new off-balance-sheet activities that are more profitable. They
have, in effect, embraced the shadow banking system. This strategy, however, has
generated concerns about what are proper activities for banks. Nontraditional
bank activities can be riskier, and therefore result in excessive risk-taking by
banks. Indeed, they led to a substantial weakening of bank balance sheets during
the subprime financial crisis, as was discussed in Chapter 9.
The decline of banks traditional business has thus meant that the banking
industry has been driven to seek out new lines of business. This could be bene-
ficial because by so doing, banks can keep vibrant and healthy. Indeed, bank
profitability was high up until 2007, and nontraditional, off-balance-sheet activi-
ties played an important role in the high bank profits. However, the new direc-
tions in banking have led to increased risk taking, and thus the decline in
traditional banking has required regulators to be more vigilant. It also poses new
challenges for bank regulators, who as we saw in Chapter 10 must now be far
more concerned about banks off-balance sheet activities.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: