Mishkin 2011. pdf



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1 THE ECONOMICS OF MONEYS BAMKING AND FINANCIAL MARKETS

four-pillar approach

. The separation

of the four pillars prohibited chartered banks from engaging in insurance and

real estate activities. In turn, it prevented investment banks and insurance com-

panies from engaging in commercial banking activities and thus protected banks

from competition.

In recent years, however, financial markets have opened up and Canada s tradi-

tional four-pillar system has changed. Despite the prohibitions in the legislation,

the pursuit of profits and financial innovation stimulated both banks and other

financial institutions to bypass the intent of the legislation and encroach on each

other s traditional territory. For example, credit unions long offered insurance to

their members and brokerage firms engaged in the traditional banking business of

issuing deposit instruments with the development of money market mutual funds

and cash management accounts.

Not surprisingly, the regulatory barriers between banking and other financial

services markets have been coming down in response to these forces. Before the

1950s, for example, legislation allowed chartered banks to make loans for com-

mercial purposes only and prohibited them from making residential mortgage

loans. It was only after the 1967 revision of the Bank Act that banks were allowed

to make conventional residential mortgage loans, thereby directly competing with

trust and mortgage loan companies, and credit unions and

caisses populaires.


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