Ministry of the higher and secondary specialized education of the republic of uzbekistan

Target-oriented research: starting with the translation itself (Toury)

Central concepts:

System: a complex of interacting elements, in an environment (Hermans)
Poly system: a system of systems

Norms: social notions of correctness

• 
  stronger than conventions
  
• 
  norm-breaking can bring sanctions
  
• 
  norms vary (time and place)
  

• Toury's classification of norms:

• 
  preliminary norms (general translation policy, directness)
  
• 
  initial norms (source or target-oriented)
  
• 
  operational norms (textual choices, footnotes, omissions...)
  

• 
  Definition of translation: a text that conforms to the target-culture's norms
  of what translations are supposed to be like, at a given time.
  

Ways of explaining translation

• 
  norms
  
• 
  socio-cultural constraints (Lefevere):
  

• 
  ideology (values, e.g. feminist, postcolonial)
  
• 
  patronage (who pays?)
  
• 
  universe of discourse (subject matter; censureship, taboos)
  
• 
  poetics (literary conventions)
  

> language-pair differences (contrastive analysis)
- laws (generalizations, general hypotheses)