century the English language came into its own again. In 1362 it was
decided that all the pleadings in law courts should be in English, and Parliament
was first opened with an English speech. By the end of the century the poet
Chaucer had fixed English as the literary language of the century by writing his
11
Whereas Langland expressed the thoughts of the peasants, Chaucer was the writer
of the new class, the bourgeoisie. He was not however the preacher of bourgeois
ideology. He was simply a writer of the world. Chaucer was the first who broke
away from medieval forms and cleared the way for realism.
He was born in 1340 in London; his father was a wine merchant. Yet Chaucer’s
parents were far from wealthy. He received, however, what education his parents
were able to give him in that city.
Chaucer’s writings are divided into 3 periods:
1.
The French period. Chaucer’s earliest poems were written in
imitation of the French romances.
2.
The second period of Chaucer’s writings was that of the Italian
influence. He is justly called the last writer of the Middle Ages and
the first of the Renaissance.
3.
The third period of Chaucer’s creative work begins from the year
(1384) when he left behind the Italian influence and became entirely
English.
It is for the “Canterbury Tales” that Chaucer is best remembered, the unfinished
collection of stories told by the pilgrims on their journey to Canterbury, with the
Prologue, the clearest picture of late medieval life existent anywhere. His quick,
sure strokes portray the pilgrims at once as types and individuals true of their own
age and, still more, representatives of humanity in general. He keeps the whole
poem alive by interspersing the tales themselves with the talk, - the quarrels, and
the opinions of the pilgrims. The “Canterbury Tales” sum up all the types of stories
that existed in the Middle Ages. Some of these stories were known only in
Norman-French before Chaucer. Chaucer also used the writings of his near
contemporaries as well as the works of the writers of ancient times and distant
lands. Various ranks of society pass by Chaucer and he observes them without
indignation.
Much in his work shows his taste for medieval literature. He delighted in allegory,
and in the sentiments of the courtly lover.
Three works set him apart as a great poet in the history of poetry in general. These
three works are: “Troilus and Criseyde” 1385-87, “The Legend of Good Women”
1385 and the unfinished “Canterbury Tales”. Of these, the most ambitious as a
complete work is “Troilus and Criseyde”.
Chaucer was in learning a man of the Middle Ages, but his attitude towards
mankind was so universal that his work is timeless. Chaucer doesn’t teach his
readers what is good or bad by moralizing; he was not a preacher. He merely called
attention to the people around him; he drew his characters from life, he saw man
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not only as “rich” or “poor” but as belonging to a certain rank of society. Chaucer
described the individual features of his characters “according to profession and
degree”, so they instantly became typical of their class. When assembled, they
form one people, the English people.
The poets of the century after Chaucer were involved further in the changing
nature of the language
.
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